Sample parts

The AET was used at standard tests of numerous structural materials, above all steels and cast iron, prepared are ceramic samples. Part of tested samples had qjecial sur ce layer treatments by laser, plasma nitridation and similar. Effect of special surface treatment the authors published already earlier [5,6]. In this contribution are summed up typical courses of basic dependencies, measured by the AET at contact loading. 

The construction of a TXRF system, including X-ray source, energy-dispersive detector and pulse-processing electronics, is similar to that of conventional XRF. The geometrical arrangement must also enable total reflection of a monochromatic primary beam. The totally reflected beam interferes with the incident primary beam. This interference causes the formation of standing waves above the surface of a homogeneous sample, as depicted in Fig. 4.1, or within a multiple-layered sample. Part of the primary beam fades away in an evanescent wave field in the bulk or substrate [4.28],... 

L. Mondello, M. Catalfamo, P. Dugo and G. Dugo, Multidimensional capillary GC-GC for the analysis of real complex samples. Part IE Enantiomeric distribution of monoteipene hydrocarbons and monoteipene alcohols of cold-pressed and distilled lime oils , J. Microcolumn Sep. 10 203-212 (1998). 

Figure 10.3 Gas cliromatograms of a cold-pressed lemon oil obtained (a) with an SE-52 column in the stand-by position and (b) with the same column showing the five heart-cuts (c) shows the GC-GC chiral chromatogram of the ti ansfeired components. The asterisks in (b) indicate electric spikes coming from the valve switcliing. The conditions were as follows SE-52 pre-column, 30 m, 0.32 mm i.d., 0.40 - 0.45 p.m film tliickness cairier gas He, 90 KPa (stand-by position) and 170 KPa (cut position) oven temperature, 45 °C (6 min)-240 °C at 2 °C/min diethyl-tert-butyl-/3-cyclodextrin column, 25 m X 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 p.m film thickness cairier gas He, 110 KPa (stand-by position) and 5 KPa (cut position) oven temperature, 45 °C (6 min), rising to 90 °C (10 min) at 2 °C/min, and then to 230 °C at 2 °C/min. Reprinted from Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 22, L. Mondello et al, Multidimensional capillary GC-GC for the analysis of real complex samples. Part IV. Enantiomeric distribution of monoterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpene alcohols of lemon oils , pp. 350-356, 1999, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

When referring to sparse components of gas mixtures, scientists typically use parts per million (ppm) to designate the relative number of molecules of a substance present in a sample. Parts per million measures how many molecules of a substance are present in one million molecules of sample. As an example, concentrations of atmospheric pollutants often are given in ppm. If a pollutant is present at a concentration of 1 ppm, there is one molecule of the pollutant in every one million molecules of the atmosphere. In molar terms, I ppm means that there is one mole of pollutant for every one million moles of gas. Or, to put it another way, there is 10 mol of pollutant in every mole of air. 

Figure 23. Measured ( °Th/ Th) ratios in basalts from Piton de la Fournaise (Reunion Island) as a function of their eraption ages deduced from mineral isochrons. These ratios decrease with increasing emption ages as a result of post-eraptive radioactive decay. The curve shows the theoretical evolution by radioactive decay for a rock with a Th/U ratio of 3.95 and a ( °Th/ Th) ratio of 0.93, similar to the values measured in presently erapted lavas. An approximate age can thus be obtained from the measured ( °Th/ Th) ratio of an old sample. Part of the dispersion around the theoretical curve are due to small source heterogeneities (slightly variable ( °Th/ rh) and Th/U ratios), also evidenced by Sr/ Sr ratios (Condomines et al. 1988, and unpublished results).

Horvat, M., Bloom, N.S., and Liang, L., Comparison of distillation with other current isolation methods for determination of methyl mercury compounds in low level environmental samples, Part II, Water Analytica Chimica Acta, 282, 153-168, 1993. 

International Standards Organisation (1997) ISO 5667-13 1997, Water quality - Sampling -Part 13 Guidance on sampling of sludges from sewage and water-treatment works. ISO,... 

Glaser RW, Ulrich AS (2003) Susceptibility corrections in solid-state NMR experiments with oriented membrane samples. Part I applications. J Magn Reson 164 104—114... 

ISO (1992) Standard 5667-10 Water quality sampling, part 10 guidance on sampling of wastewaters... 

ISO (2003) Standard 5667-3 Water quality sampling, part 3 guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples... 

Part lA Administrative data, packaging, samples Part IB SPC, package leaflets Part IC Expert reports... 

ISO (1980), Water quality—Sampling—Part 1 Guidance on the design of sampling programmes, 5667-1 (Geneva International Organization for Standardization). 

Sample Part of acrylate (mol %) Residual water content... 

Eddy-Current Methods This is one of the earliest NDT methods and is still used Basically, this method reveals any differences tn electrical impedance between parts to be tested and a reference sample. Parts to be examined are passed through a coil or explored with a probe, and a trace appears on a CRT, Since magnetic and electrical characteristics are closely related to metallurgical quantities, a trace position or pattern or a meter reading clearly shows variations in metal hardness and composition, as well as defects. Both ferrous and nonferrous parts can be tested, and various coils, probes, and detector lips are available,... 

G., Dugo, G., and McNair, H. 1999. Multidimensional capillary GC-GC for the analysis of real complex samples Part IV. Enantiomeric distribution of monoterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpene alcohols of lemon oils. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 22 350-356. 

---