Sample morphine

Investigator Source of hair sample Morphine Codeine Other Ref. 

Wiiest and Frey have pointed out that poppy straw has disadvantages in low yield of morphine and in bulkiness, and prefer poppy heads as a primary material. Many samples of capsules from seven countries were examined by them and found to yield from 0-18 to 0-9 per cent, of morphine, and they conclude that it should be possible to get ripe, dry capsules containing on the average 0-3 to 0-5 per cent, of morphine. Their paper includes a description of a process of analysis, which was found speedy and accurate. 

Figure 11.12 GC analysis of (a) urine sample spiked with opiates 3 p.g/ml) and (b) blank urine sample. Peak identification is as follows 1, dihydrocodeine 2, codeine 3, ethylmor-phine 4, moipliine 5, heroin. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 771, T. Hyotylainen et al., Determination of morphine and its analogues in urine by on-line coupled reversed-phase liquied cliromatography-gas clrromatography with on-line derivatization, pp. 360-365, copyright 1997, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Prepare solutions of the accurately weighed sample (codeine-morphine mixture) in H2S04 (0.05M) and in NaOH (0.1 M). 

As it can be observed in Fig. 2, three out of the 16 investigated compounds, namely, heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and its metabolite 2-oxo, 3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD), were not detected in any wastewater sample. Two other target analytes, 6-acetyl morphine (6ACM) and A9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), were only present in influent wastewaters and with low detection frequencies. The most ubiquitous compounds, present in all influent and effluent wastewater samples analyzed, were the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine, and the amphetamine-like compounds ephedrine (EPH) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy). Cocaine, cocaethylene (CE, transesterification product of cocaine formed after the joint consumption of cocaine and ethanol), and morphine (MOR) were detected in all influent, but not in all effluent wastewaters (see Fig. 2). 

The analysis of codeine, morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM, a metabohte of heroin), and cocaine is important for many toxicology labs to determine illicit drug use. When analyzing opiates in urine samples, frequently the matrix chosen for drug screening, the conjugated metabolites must be hydrolyzed however, this process can break down 6-MAM (Christophersen et al., 1987). These compounds can be derivatized to increase sensitivity, and both BCD and NPD are used for these assays. Derivatizations used include reaction with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide followed by GC-FID (Lin et al., 1994) or with N,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (Christophersen et al., 1987 Lee and Lee, 1991), PFPA (Christophersen et al., 1987), or heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) followed by GC-ECD. All these methods show good sensitivity and selectivity. 

Accordingly, library 2 in contrast to library 1 must contain (at least) one ligand that, in concentrations of 1 pM and 10 nM, is capable of reducing the specific binding of morphine to the //-opioid receptor. Considering the composition of the two libraries, the conclusion that the component with an affinity for the //-opioid receptor must be naloxone is naturally trivial, but this issue could also be addressed by further examining the relevant binding samples (Fig. 7.12). 

The Raman spectra of heroin, morphine and codeine (Fig. 7.10) are highly characteristic because of the change in the bands due to the aromatic ring. The FT-IR spectra of these compounds are quite similar. Near-infrared Raman spectroscopy can provide a rapid method for characterising drugs with minimal sample preparation and analysis time. 

There are two types of analysis qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative analysis determines which chemical is present, while quantitative analysis determines the concentration of a chemical. Concentration means an amount of chemical per unit of sample, for example, 100 micrograms (pg) of morphine per liter (L) of blood (100 pg/L) or the amount of pure chemical per weight of material, such as 1 gram of heroin per 10 grams of white powder. 

A positive urine test result for opioids does not necessarily mean that the individual used drugs illegally. The GC/MS instrument is very sensitive, and any morphine detected could have come from the individual having eaten poppy seed-containing bagels or pastries shortly before the test. Also, many people are prescribed opioid-containing analgesics such as Tylenol with codeine, Percodan , and Percocet , and their urine samples will test positive. At the time of urine... 

This means that the D line of a sodium lamp (Z = 599.6 nm) was used for light, that a temperature of 25 °C was maintained and that a sample containing 1.00 g/mL of the optically active morphine, in a 1 dm tube, produced a rotation of 132° in an anti-clockwise direction. 

Morphin is often contaminated with narcotic, which may be entirely removed by ether, or the impure mass may be treated with very dilute acetic add which dissolves the former, leaving the latter untouched. To determine the purity—from nareotin—of any sample of morphin, it may be dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and treated with caustic potassa in excess, in which the morphia will entirely dissolve, while any narcotin present remains untouched. If a very small portion of morphia is placed in a watch-glass with, a little pure sulphuric aoid and au equal quantity of water, and if a particle of bichromate of potassa be added, a nickel green color appears, which changes, first to a copper green, and finally, to a dark dirty green. 

Peeudomorphin has been found in a few samples of opium by PELLETIER, according to the analysis of which it consists of C IIU N 0lt. It forms shining scales sparingly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and ether, but solable in alkalies. Like morphin it is colored blue by sesquisalta of iron. It dissolves in hydrochloric and acetic acids, but its salts have not been fully examined. 

Methods for the estimation of morphine and its derivatives by h.p.l.c.,190 g.l.c.191,192 g.c.,193 mass spectrometry194-196 radioimmunoassay,197 198 and immunofluorescence199 have been described, as has an improved method for the isolation of morphine and naloxone from biological samples.200... 

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