Sample loading carry-over

Sulfidation of the Cd and Zn + loaded samples was carried out with HzS from the gas phase at 293 K. The H2S was supplied in excess of at least 10% over the stoichiometric amount needed for the formation of the sulfides. The reaction was carried out in a closed reactor. The samples were deposited on a frit in a shallow bed and either dried in vacuum (1 Pa) at 623 K or used in the non-dehydrated state for the sulfidation procedure. The excess Hz s was removed after a reaction time of 1 h by evacuation at 423 K followed by flushing with the dry nitrogen. 

To minimize the current required to sever the fuse link, a small starter wire of only six strands is provided and wrapped tightly around the mechanical load carrying strands of the fuse link. Upon actuation, a small amount of current is sufficient to start the exothermic reaction in the starter wire, which then carries over to the main link. Continuity in the starter wire is checked on-line by trickle current. Samples of manufacturer s batches of fusible links are tested prior to installation. Statistical sampling techniques will be used. Also, the fusible links will be test actuated when the control rod assembly is removed for periodic inspection and maintenance. 

The rotational actuation, which is typically provided by a conventional, low-cost spindle motor, also removes the requirement of external, pressure-driven pumps and their associated microfluidic interconnects and chip-to-world interfacing. Moreover, the modular nature of the LoaD platform completely separates the electromechanical driving instrumentation and the conventional optical readout units from the liquid sample and reagents under test the sample and/or reagents are exclusively handled by the microstructured, typically disposable test disc. These features are particularly beneficial for biological applications since the potentially hazardous samples can be processed in an encapsulated system, thus minimizing the risk of crosscontamination and carry-over. 

Solution A 10 niM ammonium bicarbonate (or ammonium acetate) adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 m HCL pH 4.5 is critical for efficient sample loading of most sequences. It is important that the buffer used is volatile so that it does not carry over into your final sample preparation. Occasionally, we find that adjusting the pH to 7 helps sequences that are rich in A. C or U (T) to stick to the column. 

The same nano scratch tester was used to carry out the friction tests. The Rockwell diamond tip (radius 2 /u.m) was used to draw at a constant speed 3 mm/min across the sample surface under a constant load of 20 mN for which no scratches occurred for all the samples. Feedback circuitry in the tester ensures the applied load is kept constant over the sample surface. The sliding distance is 3 mm. The friction coefficient is defined normally as the ratio of the friction force and the applied load. 

The catalytic degradation of PS was carried out in a semi-batch reactor where nitrogen is continuously passed with a flow rate of 30 mL/min. A mixture of 3.0 g of PS and 0.3 g of the catalyst was loaded inside a Pyrex vessel of 30 mL and heated at a rate of 30 C/min up to the desired temperature. The distillate from the reactor was collected in a cold trap(-10 °C) over a period of 2 h. The degradation of the plastic gave off gases, liquids and residues. The residue means the carbonaceous compounds remaining in the reactor and deposited on the wall of the reactor. The condensed liquid samples were analyzed by a GC (HP6890) with a capillary column (HP-IMS). 

An alternative to the measurement of the dimensions of the indentation by means of a microscope is the direct reading method, of which the Rockwell method is an example. The Rockwell hardness is based on indentation into the sample under the action of two consecutively applied loads - a minor load (initial) and a standardised major load (final). In order to eliminate zero error and possible surface effects due to roughness or scale, the initial or minor load is first applied and produce an initial indentation. The Rockwell hardness is based on the increment in the indentation depth produced by the major load over that produced by the minor load. Rockwell hardness scales are divided into a number of groups, each one of these corresponding to a specified penetrator and a specified value of the major load. The different combinations are designated by different subscripts used to express the Rockwell hardness number. Thus, when the test is performed with 150 kg load and a diamond cone indentor, the resulting hardness number is called the Rockwell C (Rc) hardness. If the applied load is 100 kg and the indentor used is a 1.58 mm diameter hardened steel ball, a Rockwell B (RB) hardness number is obtained. The facts that the dial has several scales and that different indentation tools can be filled, enable Rockwell machine to be used equally well for hard and soft materials and for small and thin specimens. Rockwell hardness number is dimensionless. The test is easy to carry out and rapidly accomplished. As a result it is used widely in industrial applications, particularly in quality situations. 

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