Salts equivalent

Sodium, 22 700 ppm (2.27%) is the seventh most abundant element in crustal rocks and the fifth most abundant metal, after Al, Fe, Ca and Mg. Potassium (18 400 ppm) is the next most abundant element after sodium. Vast deposits of both Na and K salts occur in relatively pure form on all continents as a result of evaporation of ancient seas, and this process still continues today in the Great Salt Lake (Utah), the Dead Sea and elsewhere. Sodium occurs as rock-salt (NaCl) and as the carbonate (trona), nitrate (saltpetre), sulfate (mirabilite), borate (borax, kemite), etc. Potassium occurs principally as the simple chloride (sylvite), as the double chloride KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (camallite) and the anhydrous sulfate K2Mg2(S04)3 (langbeinite). There are also unlimited supplies of NaCl in natural brines and oceanic waters ( 30kgm ). Thus, it has been calculated that rock-salt equivalent to the NaCl in the oceans of the world would occupy... 

Aznmoniak, n. ammonia (in old names of salts equivalent to ammonium, as salzsaures —, ammonium chloride) ammoniac, -alaun, m. ammonia alum. 

Refiners normally require an oil mineral content of no more than 10 lb per 1000 bbl. As previously, this is expressed as salt equivalent, NaCl. If you run the program exhibited in Fig. 4.13 and input 2.0 lb salt per barrel inlet feed water (replacing the 1.0 lb shown), you will see the... 

Ox Bile Extract occurs as a yellow-green powder. It contains ox bile acids, chiefly glycocholic and taurocholic, as sodium salts, equivalent to not less than 45.0% cholic acid, C24H40O5. It is the purified portion of the bile of an ox, obtained by evaporating the alcohol extract of concentrated bile. It is soluble in water and in alcohol. 

These techniques can also be developed further to deal with Stern layer problems. Note that for Z) the effective capacitance distance D is reduced by a factor (1 —0.62y/alD). If image effects are included, it can be shown that (when the zwitterions are immersed in a high dielectric medium e = 80, adjacent to a hydrocarbon surface s = 2), image effects can virtually double the electrostatic energy so that the two effects may partially cancel out. Nonetheless the observation that is reduced from the intuitive capacitance form is of some interest, as it is known that for ionic micelles use of Debye-Huckel theory (at low salt equivalent to the capacitance form) gives results for the repulsive free energy too large by a factor of 2. 

Molten salts Equivalent to conditions without solvents Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, TBABr, 100 °C, 6-43 h (aryl halides, acrylates) [48]... 

A number of phosphonate and phosphinate derivatives where the phosphorus atom is directly bonded to non-aromatic cyclic systems have been reported. The synthesis and reactions of a number of compounds with the general structure 103 have been reported. Enantiomerically pure cyclopropanephosphonic acids which are constrained analogues of the GABA antagonist phaclophen, have been prepared by stereocontrolled Michael addition of a-anions derived from chiral chloromethylphosphonamides 104 to a,P-unsaturated esters followed by in situ cyclisation. Other asymmetric syntheses include those of (/ )- and (S)-piper-idin-2-ylphosphonic acid (105) via the addition to trialkyl phosphites to iminium salt equivalents and 4-thiazolidinylphosphonate 106 by catalytic asymmetric hydrophosphonylation of 3-thiazoline. In the latter case both titanium and lanthanoid (which give much better e.e. values) chiral catalysts are used. 

DeVoe et al. have reported quantitative aspects of photosensitization of diphenyliodonium salt and bis(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)acetone (DMBA) [101]. This ketone is a bis-vinylog of Michler s Ketone, which is a well-known sensitizer for onium salt initiated free radical polymerizations [102,103], The reaction with DMBA is an example of electron transfer sensitization gated by conformational relaxation of the sensitizer. The ratio of iodonium salt consumption to aminoketone consumption is two, the second iodonium salt equivalent is consumed by a second reducing equivalent from the aminoalkyl radical on the oxidized photosensitizer. 

PM doping The basic salts employed were mainly of the ammine complex type with chloride counter-ion, e.g. (NH3)4PdCl2,.H20 except for sample 4 which used the highly basic salt (NH3)4Pd(0H)2-H20. The acidic salts for comparison were of the sinple chloride type, e.g. PdCla or partially neutralized type such as Na2PdCl4. The various doped catalysts were formed by adding to an agitated Ni catalyst slurry ( 15% solids) a dopant salt equivalent to PM loading of between... 

Fig. 4.24. Heating time required for steel wire or strip in molten lead, tin, or salt. Equivalent diameter for strip is twice its thickness. When heating for coating, the wire or strip may not need to be thoroughly heated to its center.

Various structural arrangements have been established in different crystalline salts. Equivalence of the P-S linkages is attained by forming polymeric molecules as in the Zn and Ni salts (9.445a,b), although the bonding is perhaps only partially ionic. 

Example. The salt equivalent to 800 tpd NaOH is 1,169 tpd. To calculate the need for raw salt, we allow 0.37% for impurities, 4.5% for water, and 1% for in-process loss. This gives us 1,241 tpd. We must also allow for in-process use of NaOH if we are to have 800 tpd available for sale. A 3% allowance raises our salt requirement to 1,280 tpd. We round this up, to allow for extra mechanical downtime and to provide some spare capacity, to 1,500 tpd. 

Next figures give some examples for simple non-associated electrolytes. Concerning 2-1 salts, equivalent concentration and conductivity was chosen. 

Peak serum level achieved in humans after oral administration of 371 mg of talampicillin as its hydrochloride salt (equivalent to 250 mg of ampicillin) (Clayton et al., 1974). 

A known weight of salt (equivalent amounts of acid and base) is then shaken with the same quantities of water and benzene (looo c.c. and 6o c.c. respectively), and the amount of aniline in the benzene layer determined as above. Instead of using the salt, one may preferably proceed as follows Shake up looo c.c. of a solution of hydrogen chloride of... 

---