Salinity adaptation

Table 4.4. Occurrence of microbial groups in waters of various salinities (adapted from ref. [62])... 

Figure 1. Mean 1 SE uterine mass (mg) of females exposed to saline, male urine, or intact males. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences found with a Student-Newman-Keuls test. Sample sizes are shown within bars. Groups male = male present in cage with female urine = female treated with male urine on the nasal philtrum saline = control females treated with saline. Adapted from Solomon et al. (1996).

It is concluded that the salinity adaptation of mesophyll leaf cells and the minimal inhibition of photosynthesis occurred up to a salt level which caused direct damage to cells. This was at 173 mol.m ... 

Studies on mechanisms are described by Balzer [192]. In the case of anionics the residual oil in the injection zone is removed via displacement into the adjacent reservoirs ether carboxylates show their good adaptation to differences in temperature and salinity. Further it was found from interfacial tension measurements, adsorption and retention studies, and flooding tests that use of surfactant blends based on ether carboxylates and alkylbenzensulfonates resulted... 

With a growing scarcity of freshwater available for irrigation, other sources of lower quality like brackish water, saline water, and treated wastewater become more important as additional or substituting inputs for the agricultural sector. At the same time, it is clear that a sophisticated treatment like desalination or nanofiltration under current conditions is still far too expensive to be a major solution to future irrigation water needs. Hence adaptation of farming and irrigation practices to the particular water qualities constitutes a more viable approach. 

Plant cells selected for tolerance to stress show varied responses to the imposed osmotic gradients. In adapted cells, tolerance to salinity or to water stress was not found to increase proportionately with increases in turgor (Handa et al., 1983 Binzel et al., 1985). It was suggested from these observations and from studies by Heyser Nabors (1981) that no relationship existed between turgor and growth and that stress adaptation may alter the relationship between turgor and cell expansion (see also Chapter 6). 

Iraki, N.M., Singh, N., Bressan, R.A., and Carpita, N.C. (1989) Cell walls of tobacco cells and changes in composition associated with reduced growth upon adaption to water and saline stress. Plant Physiol. 91 48-53. 

Lowe SE, MK Jain, JG Zeikus (1993) Biology, ecology, and biotechnological applications of anaerobic bacteria adapted to environmental stresses in temperature, pH, salinity, or substrates. Microbiol Rev 57 451-509. 

It is the variety of life around the edges of the biosphere on Earth that is a testimony to its adaptahon and ability to survive in harsh and extreme environments. The bacteria in the hot-water spring shown in Figure 1.4 have adapted to different temperatures and salinities. 

Extremophile A bacterium that has adapted to life in an extreme environment perhaps of temperature, pressure, salinity, etc. 

FIGURE 56-7 Repeated exposure to amphetamine or cocaine increases spine density and the number of branched spines in medium spiny neurons, the major cell type of the nucleus accumbens. Left camera lucida drawings of representative dendritic segments. Rats received 20 injections of saline (S), amphetamine (A) or cocaine (C) over 4 weeks and were then left undisturbed for about 1 month prior to analysis. Adapted from Robinson, T. E. and Kolb, B., Eur. ]. Neurosci. 11 1598-1604, 1999. 

Breeding Recurrent mass selection Adaptation to climate change Disease resistance Drought resistance Genetic diversity Salinity resistance Banilas et al. (2009) Carruba and Catalano (2009) Hejnak et al. (2009) Marais and Botes (2009) Martinez-Ballesta et al. (2009)... 

The total ash content accounts for 11-23% of the dry weight of plant biomass. We can remember for comparison, that these values for the terrestrial forest ecosystems on similar limestone soils are 5-6% only. These differences can be attributed to the adaptation of Mangrove ecosystems to saline marine waters and relevant exposure to the chemical species. 

Fig. 6.1 Classifications of crop tolerance based on relative crop yield versus soil salinity. The tolerance of barley is shown by the dashed line. Adapted from Maas (1985) and Maas and Hoffman (1977)...

---