Saline waters usage

Total operation, maintenance, and amortization costs at the estimated actual load factor for the first year of the Buckeye plant s operation (48% of theoretical full-load capability) will be 50.9 cents per 1000 gallons. Operation at 98% of theoretical full-load factor (the plant s maximum practical capability) would result in total costs of 33 cents per 1000 gallons (Table II). The 33 cent figure can be compared with previous cost estimates made by this company (I, 2, 5), the Office of Saline Water (8), or others (9), who have usually assumed full-load or virtually full-load operation in such calculations. Most of the factors making up this cost estimate have been guaranteed to the town of Buckeye. However, the 48% load faotor is an estimate based on the historical demand pattern for untreated water around the year. It is difficult without actual experience over the next year or two to predict the effect, if any, of a substantial rate rise on the usage of water and the load factor. 

The study also showed that dye could penetrate from closures with elastomer cap liners into infusion fluids in the course of normal usage. No dye penetration was seen in bottles with Gilsonite cap liners. It was also shown in experimental conditions that the types of microorganisms implicated in the epidemic and found on contaminated closures could increase to concentrations of up to 10 per mL in Abbott s 5% Dextrose, Normal Saline, and Water for Injection products. 

For monitoring of such vital functions as circulation, ventilation and acid base status in the critically ill child, indwelling venous or arterial catheters are necessary. To maintain patency of these catheters and to allow blood sampling, a small but finite volume of fluid is necessary. For optimal safe usage, isotonic saline or 57o dextrose in water solution is administered in a low constant volume and intermittent flushing with small bolus of fluid is carried out as necessary to maintain patency of the line. The caloric value of these fluids is low compared to standard parenteral alimentation solutions, yet in the very small infant, the volume constitutes a significant proportion of absolute water need. 

Usage and performance of nickel-containing stainless steels in both saline and natural waters and brines Mater. Performance 27 (1988) 7, p. 47... 

The system described here also includes consideration of environmental concerns other than water pollution control, namely, the use of wastewater for air and thermal pollution control functions and waste residue usage for heat and power production and/or water treatment (ash and sludges). However, even an ideal plant system will have a net discharge of some waste material. The system described in Fig. 3.14 includes excess ash from thermal power production and wastewater blowdown of high salinity, hardness, and toxicity. These wastes may be blended for some beneficial purpose, to ease proper handling, or for controlled assimilation by the environment in appropriate disposal sites. These concerns will have to be given consideration as industry proceeds to meet future environmental demands. 

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