S domain

The molecular basis for quasi-equivalent packing was revealed by the very first structure determination to high resolution of a spherical virus, tomato bushy stunt virus. The structure of this T = 3 virus was determined to 2.9 A resolution in 1978 by Stephen Harrison and co-workers at Harvard University. The virus shell contains 180 chemically identical polypeptide chains, each of 386 amino acid residues. Each polypeptide chain folds into distinct modules an internal domain R that is disordered in the structure, a region (a) that connects R with the S domain that forms the viral shell, and, finally, a domain P that projects out from the surface. The S and P domains are joined by a hinge region (Figure 16.8). 

The S domains form the viral shell by tight interactions in a manner predicted by the Caspar and Klug theory and shown in Figure 16.8. The P domains interact pairwise across the twofold axes and form protrusions on the surface. There are 30 twofold axes with icosahedral symmetry that relate the P domains of C subunits (green) and in addition 60 pseudotwofold axes relating the A (red) and B (blue) subunits (Figure 16.9). By this arrangement the 180 P domains form 90 dimeric protrusions. 

Figure 16.13 The known subunit structures of plant. Insect, and animal viruses are of the jelly roll antiparallel p barrel type, described in Chapter 5. This fold, which is schematically illustrated in two different ways, (a) and (b), forms the core of the S domain of the subunit of tomato bushy stunt virus (c). [(b), (c) Adapted from A.J. Olson et al., /. Mol. Biol. 171 61-93, 1983.1...

Since the integral is over time t, the resulting transform no longer depends on t, but instead is a function of the variable s which is introduced in the operand. Hence, the Laplace transform maps the function X(f) from the time domain into the s-domain. For this reason we will use the symbol when referring to Lap X t). To some extent, the variable s can be compared with the one which appears in the Fourier transform of periodic functions of time t (Section 40.3). While the Fourier domain can be associated with frequency, there is no obvious physical analogy for the Laplace domain. The Laplace transform plays an important role in the study of linear systems that often arise in mechanical, electrical and chemical kinetic systems. In particular, their interest lies in the transformation of linear differential equations with respect to time t into equations that only involve simple functions of s, such as polynomials, rational functions, etc. The latter are solved easily and the results can be transformed back to the original time domain. 

We can derive the plasma concentration function Cp in the s-domain from ... 

The human caliciviruses, norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus, have also been described as small round structured viruses, for their 27-30 nm capsids. The NoV capsid consists of 180 copies of the VPl major capsid protein packed as an icosahedron (Prasad et ah, 1999) and the VP2 minor capsid protein, which may contribute to stability (Bertolotti-Ciarlet et al., 2002). The S domain of VPl forms the inner shell of the capsid, while the P domain protrudes from the capsid surface and contributes to binding the histoblood group antigen receptor (Cao et ah, 2007) and antigenicity (Donaldson et ah, 2008 Lindesmith et ah, 2010). 

Model Reduction Through Parameter Estimation in the s-Domain... 

Complexes containing one binap ligand per ruthenium (Fig. 3.5) turned out to be remarkably effective for a wide range of chemical processes of industrial importance. During the 1980s, such complexes were shown to be very effective, not only for the asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino adds [42] - which previously was rhodium s domain - but also of allylic alcohols [77], unsaturated acids [78], cyclic enamides [79], and functionalized ketones [80, 81] - domains where rhodium complexes were not as effective. Table 3.2 (entries 3-5) lists impressive TOF values and excellent ee-values for the products of such reactions. The catalysts were rapidly put to use in industry to prepare, for example, the perfume additive citronellol from geraniol (Table 3.2, entry 5) and alkaloids from cyclic enamides. These developments have been reviewed by Noyori and Takaya [82, 83]. 

Figure 17.3 The active site structure of xanthine oxidoreductase and the structure of the bovine enzyme with the two Fe-S domains (green and blue), the FAD domain (grey) and the molybdenumbinding domain (red). (From Hille, 2005. Copyright 2005, with permission from Elsevier.)...

In addition to this classification of cellular function by domain cooccurrence, analyses of domain combinations can also be used to improve the prediction of a protein s function. The RhoGEF domain, for example, is invariably found N-terminally to a PH domain. The cooccurrence of these two domains appears to be correlated with altered electrostatic potential, thereby resulting in prevention of the PH domain from binding phospholipids (Blomberg et al., 1999). As this is a frequent function of the PH domain, the determination of a protein s domain architecture can assist in discounting a specific predicted function. 

The program was written on an Apollo computer in LISP. Apollo s Domain LISP, a version of Portable Standard LISP, was the dialect available. 

Klinedinst DB, Currie LA, Direct quantitation of PM2.5 fossil and biomass carbon within the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study s domain. Environ Sci Technol 33 4146 154, 1999. 

Kay This is more George Coupland s domain. He doesn t know exactly how CO induces FT expression. He has CO oestrogen receptor in cell culture, and if you give it oestrogen it translocates to the nucleus and you see FT come on. There is no evidence that CO binds DNA. No one knows what the partner is or... 

Superconductivity was now a phenomenon that could be observed above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, an inexpensive and readily available cryogen. Research in superconductivity, once the realm of low-temperature physics, now became every scientist s domain. 

Presentaddress Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolecules Vegetales, C.N.R.S., Domaine Universitaire de Grenoble, 38 St. Martin d Heres, France. 

Fig. S.l.S Domain diagram of precipitates from solutions containing Ce(S04)2 and H2SO4 aged for 12 h at 90°C spheres (O) rods ( ) rods mixed with spheres (K2) a very small amount of spheres ( ) no particles (x). (From Ref. 12.)...

A conformational change induced in the protein antithrombin (AT) on binding a specific pentasaccharide S domain allows its interaction with Factor Xa, a blood clotting factor, preventing clotting. 

Binding of AT and thrombin to two adjacent S domains brings the two proteins into close proximity, favoring their interaction, which inhibits blood clotting. 

S domains interact with both the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptor, bringing the oligomeric complex together and increasing the effectiveness of a low concentration of FGF. 

FIGURE 7-28 Four types of protein interactions with S domains of heparan sulfate. 

The high density of negative charges in heparan sulfate brings positively charged molecules of lipoprotein lipase into the vicinity and holds them by electrostatic interactions as well as by sequence-specific interactions with S domains. Such interactions are also central in the first step in the entry of certain viruses (such as herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2) into cells. 

Another possibility, probably out of the analyst s domain, is an electronic breakdown in the integrator. All the analyst can usually do is to check out and eliminate potential problems in the chromatograph and in the application of the integrator to the chromatograms at hand, determine whether the integrator seems to be functioning at all, and then call for the gentleman with the test meters and replacement circuit boards. 

Diagrams such as these can be used to establish pH, Al(III),S domains, describing the limits between stable, unstable, and restabilized suspensions... 

The frequency response of a system may be more easily determined by effecting the substitution s = iw in the appropriate transfer function [where i = y/(—1)] (i.e. mapping the function from the s domain onto the frequency domain(17)). Hence substituting into equation 7.19 ... 

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