Russian technique

Russian Technique The Russians are planning to use organic solvents to neutralize the chemical agents. The solidified residues will be in a bituminous mass, to be landfilled. There will be 4 to 6 tons of waste produced per ton agent. A plant at Shchuch ye will be built to destroy nerve gases. The plant, as well as the analytical laboratory in Moscow will be initially funded by the United States. 

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Shepelev, I. A, and N. A. Gelman, 1966. Universal equations for velocity and temperature computation along the ventilation jets, supplied from rectangular outlets (in Russian). Water-Supply and Sanitary Technique, no. 7. 

S. Deshman Principals of Vacuum Technique, Mir, Moscow, 1964 (translation to Russian). 

Low-temperature research requires hard work and imagination, but successful advances are richly rewarded. Seven Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry have been awarded for low-temperature research. The first, in 1913, went to the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who discovered how to cool He gas to 4.2 K and convert it into a liquid. The American William Giauque received the 1949 prize in chemistry and the Russian Pyotr Kapitsa won the 1978 prize in physics. Each was honored for a variety of discoveries resulting from low-temperature research, and each developed a new technique for achieving low temperature. 

Systems Separated Some of the various separations reported in the literature are listed in Rubin and Gaden, Foam Separation, in Schoen (ed.). New Chemical Engineering Separation Techniques, Interscience, New York, 1962, chap. 5 Lemlich, Ind. Eng. Chem., 60(10), 16 (1968) Pushkarev, Egorov, and Khrustalev, Clarification andDeactiva-tion of Waste Waters by Frothing Flotation, in Russian, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1969 Kuskin and Golman, Flotation of Ions and Molecules, in Russian, Nedra, Moscow, 1971 Lemlich (ed.), Adsorptive Bubble... 

The first two groups are distinguished by the fact that autoclave syntheses are used mainly by the Soviet (or Russian) cluster school [1,2,11,16-22], while the American and other schools do not use autoclave techniques [1,23-35]. This distinction is historical and applies not only to technetium compounds, but also to other cluster compounds of d-transition elements [36-41]. Cotton et al. [28] did use an autoclave method once, but it was not further developed [1]. 

Budantsev, A.Yu. (2004). Photometric determination of compounds in paper matrices using digital imaging technique and transmitted light images. Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Russian) 59 791-795. 

Hirtz et al demonstrated the hygroscopic nature of neomycin sulphate using a thermogravimetric technique. In a more recent study Russian workers18 determined the adsorption of water by neomycin sulphate at temperatures of 23, 90 100 C. Table 3 gives the results... 

As some necessary meteorological data were unavailable, we employed two different techniques to estimate the element abundance in air. Reverse calculations, in the framework of the American program MEPAS, allowed us to find the concentration fields based on experimental and especially adapted meteorological data. The second technique included direct calculations in the framework of the Russian standardized program Ecologist, which took into account the actual chemical composition of copper-smelting production contaminants. Both techniques had some restrictions, mainly insufficient initial information on the sources of contaminants and limited possibilities of the analytical equipment used. 

The most conventional investigations on the adsorption of both modifier and substrate looked for the effect of pH on the amount of adsorbed tartrate and MAA [200], The combined use of different techniques such as IR, UV, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron microscopy (EM), and electron diffraction allowed an in-depth study of adsorbed tartrate in the case of Ni catalysts [101], Using these techniques, the general consensus was that under optimized conditions a corrosive modification of the nickel surface occurs and that the tartrate molecule is chemically bonded to Ni via the two carbonyl groups. There were two suggestions as to the exact nature of the modified catalyst Sachtler [195] proposed adsorbed nickel tartrate as chiral active site, whereas Japanese [101] and Russian [201] groups preferred a direct adsorption of the tartrate on modified sites of the Ni surface. 

High Vacuum Techniques for Chemical Syntheses and Measurements, P.H. Plesch, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1994, [in Russian],... 

As Moustafa and Morsi remind us in Chapter One, it has been just over 100 years since a Russian botanist, M. Tswett discovered chromatography. It seems timely to review the current status of the field of chromatography and appreciate the many improvements that have been made in the field. To do this thoroughly, of course, would require many volumes, but within the limits of space, the chapters that follow surely do indicate the range of techniques and some of the important applications. It is to be hoped that careful readers will reflect on these and consider other applications. 

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