Ruska, Ernst

Ruska, Elektronenmikroskopie] Ruska, Ernst Die friihe Entwicklung der Elektro-nenlinsen und der Elektronenmikroskopie, Acta Historica Leopoldina 12(1979), p. 3-135. 

Ruska, Foundations] Ruska, Ernst Vibration Isolating Foundations for Electron Microscopes, in David J. GoodchildA. Sanders (Eds.) Electron Microscopy 1974. Abstracts of Papers Presented to the Eighth International Congress on Electron Microscopy. Held in Canberra, Australia. August 25-31 1974, Bd. 1., Canberra 1974, p. 24-25. 

Researchers turn instead to electrons. The German engineers Ernst Ruska (1906-88) and Max Knoll (1897-1969) invented the electron microscope in the 1930s this microscope creates images by passing a beam of electrons through a sample, or sometimes reflecting electrons from... 

Three major advancements in resolution have occurred since Hookes s discovery of the optical microscope in 1665 [46]. In 1873, Ernst Abbe established fundamental criteria for the resolution limit in optical microscopy [47], which did not exceed the range of a couple of 100 nanometers even after the introduction of the confocal optical microscope [43,48]. The invention of the transmission electron microscope by Ernst Ruska in 1933 extended the resolution of microscopes to the nanometer scale [49]. Finally, scanning tunnelling microscopy introduced, by Binnig and Rohrer in 1981, made a breakthrough when atomic... 

Switzerland, won the Nobel Prize in 1986 for this devel- opment. They shared the prize with Ernst Ruska. 

Since the last edition (1978), technological developments, such as improved electron microscopy (since Ernst Ruska, 1931), chemical analysis by microprobe (since Raymond Castaing, 1951), scanning electron microscopy (since Oatley McMullan, 1952), automatic computer-controlled instrumentation and software for structure determination, have made it possible to carry out the chemical, structural, morphological and physical characterization of tiny particles of new minerals (on the scale of micrograms) within a few days or weeks computerized structural and morphological drawings can be produced within minutes. 

Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer 1932 Werner Heisenberg... 

German engineer Ernst Ruska (1906-88) develops the electron microscope. 

Ernst Ruska, The Early Development of Electron Lenses and Electron Microscopy. ISBN 3-7776-0364-3. 

The electron microscope was invented by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska in 1931. The technology, developed at the Technical University of Berlin, was important because it was the first major improvement on the resolving power of microscopes. Six years later, the first version of the electron microscope was... 

Ernst Ruska, winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics, realized that the focal length of waves could be decreased by using an iron cap. The polschuh lens was built using this concept and was eventually used in all magnetic electron microscopes. 

In 1931, German scientists Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first transmission electron microscope (TEM). Capable of magnifying objects by a factor of up to one million, the TEM made it possible to see things at the molecular level. The TEM was used to study the proteins that make up the human body. It was also used to study metals. The TEM made it possible to view these particles smaller than 200 nm by focusing a beam of electrons to pass through an object, rather than focusing light on an object, as was the case with traditional microscopes. 

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) allowed the first look at nanoparticles in 1931. The TEM was huilt hy German scientists Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll. 

Electron microscope (Ernst Ruska) Ruska makes use of the wavelengths of electrons—shorter than those of visible light—to build a microscope that can image details at the subatomic level. 

Ernst Ruska (Germany) and Max Knoll (Germany) develop the forerunner of the modern electron microscope. [1931]... 

As often in the history of science the development started practically. The German engineer Ernst Ruska (1906-88) worked with cathode rays and oscilloscopes and, at the age of 25, built the first electron microscope in 1931. He also managed the manufacture of the first commercial electron microscope at the end of the 1930s. Almost 50 years later he received the Nobel Prize for physics. During his active time he was professor of electron-optics at the University of Technology in Berlin and worked at Siemens AG. He also became director of the Fritz Haber Institute for Electron Microscopy. 

Some electron microscopes utilize electrons from a needle with a very sharp tip, brought so close to the specimen surface that a quantum mechanical interaction arises between the electron cloud of the surface and the electron cloud of the atoms in the tip. This technique opened a fantastic way to really see individual atoms. This microscope, the field ion microscope, was presented in 1956 by the German Erwin Muller, who could for the first time observe individual atoms in a tungsten tip. A widening of the technique, and in fact a new technique, came with the vacuum-tunnding microscope in 1978, developed by Gerd Binnig in Frankfurt and Heinrich Rohrer in Zurich. They shared the Nobel Prize in 1986 with Ernst Ruska. A further development of the field ion microscope is the 3-D atom probe, exemplified below. 

The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was the first type of electron microscope to be developed and is patterned exactly on the Light Transmission Microscope, except that a focused beam of electrons is used instead of light to see through the specimen. It was developed by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska in Germany in 1932, 35 years after J. J. Thompson s discovery of the electron. The technique quickly surpassed the resolution of optical microscopy, and in 1938 the first commercial instruments began to be produced by the Siemens-Halske Company in Berlin [85]. 

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