Ruska

Busch focuses an electron beam with a magnetic lens 1931 Ruska and colleagues build the first TEM protoype... 

Knoll M and Ruska E 1932 Beltrag zur geometrlschen Elektronenoptik I Ann. Phys. 12 607-40... 

In an excellent historical overview of these stages and the intellectual and practical problems which had to be overcome, Mulvey (1995) remarks that the first production microscopes pursued exactly the same electron-optical design as Ruska s first experimental microscope. The stages of subsequent improvement are outlined by Mulvey, to whom the reader is referred for further details. 

Ruska, E. (1980) The Early Development of Electron Lenses and Electron Microscopy (Hirzel, Stuttgart). 

E, Ruska (Berlin) fundamental work in electron optics and the design of the first electron microscope. 

The Turba philosphorum is found in two versions in the Artis Auriferae (1593), 1, 1-139. See also Julius F. Ruska, Turba philosophorum ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der hermetischen Literatur, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der JPaturivissenschajien und der Medisin (Berlin, 1931), 1, 115 ff, 182 ff. 

Ruska, Julius F., Tabula Smaragdina. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der hermetischen literatur. Heidelberger Akten der Vor-Portheim. .. (Heidelberg C. Winter, 1926) 4,... 

May be Zadith ben Hamuel (13th century), or Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Umayl al-Tamimi, e.g. Ruska Senior Zadith = Ibn Umail. (1928)... 

Hopkins, Arthur John. "Transmutation by color a study of earliest alchemy." In Studien zur Geschichte der Chemie. Festgabe Edmind O. von Lippman, ed. Julius F. Ruska. Berlin Springer, 1927. 

This Book Is a Collection of Notable Papers Originally Published in Ambix, the Journal of The Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry. The Journal First Appeared in 1937 and Was One of the Earliest Journals in the History of Science Published in the English Speaking World. This Collection Includes Papers by Julius Ruska, J.R. Partington, Lynn Thorndike, Walter Pagel, and Others"... 

The invention of the electron microscope in the 1930s by Knoll and Ruska cleared the way for scientists to take an even closer look at vesicles and other colloidal structures [5]. Improving the resolution of the optical microscope roughly by the factor that the optical microscope improved that of the unaided eye, the finer structures of colloidal systems became visible. With the electron microscope, single bilayers can be made visible and the distance between lamellae can be determined. Thus, the structure of a given system can be determined to up to 1/10000000 of a millimeter, which is about the distance of six atoms in a molecule. The most impressive results are obtained with the freeze fracture and cryo-TEM methods [6]. 

Researchers turn instead to electrons. The German engineers Ernst Ruska (1906-88) and Max Knoll (1897-1969) invented the electron microscope in the 1930s this microscope creates images by passing a beam of electrons through a sample, or sometimes reflecting electrons from... 

German engineers Enrst Ruska (1906-88) and Max Knoll (1897-1969) develop the first electron microscope. 

Kashan in 1301 AD J Chem. Educ, 13, 361-2 (Aug, 1936) Ritter, H., J. Ruska, F Sabre, and R. Winderlich, Orientalische Steinbucher und persische Fayence-Techmk, German Archaeological Institute, Istanbul, 1935, 70 pp. 

Berlin, 1929, pp. 60-9 Chapter on Pseudo-Geber by Julius Ruska. 

Moore DH, Ruska H Electron microscope study of mammalian cardiac muscle cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1957 3 261-267. 

The first electron microscope was built in Germany in 1931 by Knoll and Ruska (Ref 2). Its principles were based on previous works of L. de Broglie (1924), Busch(1926) and others. The first electron microscopes gave images inferior to those obtained by optical microscopes, but by 1934 a quite satisfactory instrument was obtained by B. von Borries, E. Ruska and M. Knoll. Commercial production of electron microscopes was begun in 1939 by Si emens and Halske, AG, Berlin. These instruments (the total number built was about 30) used electromagnetic.lenses... 

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