Muller, Erwin

Drechsler, M. (1978). Erwin Muller and the early development of field emission microscopy. Surf. Sci. 70, 1-18. 

Kelly A. Quin. Reproduced by permission p. 95 Tungsten crystal, magnified 2,7000,000 times, through a super-powered Muller Field Ion Microscope invented by Dr. Erwin W. Muller, photograph. 

It is now also possible to view individual atoms on the surfaces of crystals. One example is by field-ion microscopy, which was developed by Erwin W. Muller." The first images of individual heavy atoms supported on films of light atoms were produced by the use of a dark-field scanning... 

The first technique for detecting properties of individual atoms on metallic surfaces was developed by Erwin Muller in 1936 (Chen 1993, 412). (For a history of this invention, see Drechsler 1978). This instrument, known as a field ion microscope, has a simple design comprising a vacuum system, a needle tip, and a phosphorescent screen. Muller s diagrams and discussion enable readers to visualize the technique he developed (Muller and Tsong 1969, 99) (Figure 1). 

J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alex Muller 1933 Erwin Schrodinger, Paul A.M. Dirac... 

Field-emission microscope (Erwin Wilhelm Muller) Muller completes his dissertation, The Dependence of Field Electron Emission on Work Function, and goes on to develop the field-emission microscope, which can resolve surface features as small as 2 nanometers. 

Field-emission microscope (Erwin Wilhelm Muller) Muller develops the field- ion microscope, followed by an atom-probe field-ion microscope in 1963, which can detect individual atoms. 

American physicist Erwin Wilhelm Muller invents the... 

Erwin Wilhelm Muller (Germany and U.S.) invents the field ion microscope. [1955]... 

Aknowledgment. Part of the work reported was done in coopera -tion with Professor K. Dimroth at Marburg. I should like to thank Professor K. Dimroth as well as my coworkers Reinhard Muller and Erwin Harbusch. 

Some electron microscopes utilize electrons from a needle with a very sharp tip, brought so close to the specimen surface that a quantum mechanical interaction arises between the electron cloud of the surface and the electron cloud of the atoms in the tip. This technique opened a fantastic way to really see individual atoms. This microscope, the field ion microscope, was presented in 1956 by the German Erwin Muller, who could for the first time observe individual atoms in a tungsten tip. A widening of the technique, and in fact a new technique, came with the vacuum-tunnding microscope in 1978, developed by Gerd Binnig in Frankfurt and Heinrich Rohrer in Zurich. They shared the Nobel Prize in 1986 with Ernst Ruska. A further development of the field ion microscope is the 3-D atom probe, exemplified below. 

Fig. 5.1. From left to right Jochen H. Block, Heinz Gerischer, Erwin VJ. Muller, 1976.

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