Ruby copper

Cuprous oxide, Cu20.—This oxide occurs as the mineral cuprite or ruby copper. It is formed by reduction of alkaline solutions of complex cupric salts with a reducing sugar, such as dextrose, an example being the reduction of Fehling s solution,8 the oxide being deposited as a red, crystalline powder. 

Calcium carbonate has normal pH and inverse temperature solubilities. Hence, such deposits readily form as pH and water temperature rise. Copper carbonate can form beneath deposit accumulations, producing a friable bluish-white corrosion product (Fig. 4.17). Beneath the carbonate, sparkling, ruby-red cuprous oxide crystals will often be found on copper alloys (Fig. 4.18). The cuprous oxide is friable, as these crystals are small and do not readily cling to one another or other surfaces (Fig. 4.19). If chloride concentrations are high, a white copper chloride corrosion product may be present beneath the cuprous oxide layer. However, experience shows that copper chloride accumulation is usually slight relative to other corrosion product masses in most natural waters. 

Internal surfaces of all tubes were severely attacked (Fig. 4.29). A brown deposit layer consisting of magnetite, iron oxide hydroxide, and silica covered all surfaces. Deposition was thicker and more tenacious along the bottom of tubes. These deposits had a distinct greenish-blue cast caused by copper corrosion products beneath the deposit. Underlying corrosion products were ruby-red cuprous oxide crystals (Fig. 4.29). Areas not covered with deposits suffered only superficial attack, but below deposits wastage was severe. 

P. M. Bell and H. K. Mao, Static compression of gold and copper and calibration of the ruby pressure scale to pressures to 1.8 megabars by x-ray diffraction, in Shock Waves in Condensed Matter, Y. Gupta, ed., Plenum, New York, 1986, pp. 125-130. 

Rubidium cobalt sulfate (Rb SO CoSO 6HjO) is an example of several double sulfates that rubidium has the ability to form. Rubidium cobalt sulfate is a combined rubidium-cobalt compound in the form of ruby-red crystals. Other rubidium sulfate crystal compounds and their colors are rubidium + copper = white rubidium + iron = dark green and rubidium + magnesium = colorless. 

The photosensitive nature of selenium makes it useful in devices that respond to the intensity of light, such as photocells, light meters for cameras, xerography, and electric eyes. Selenium also has the ability to produce electricity directly from sunlight, making it ideal for use in solar cells. Selenium possesses semiconductor properties that make it useful in the electronics industry, where it is a component in some types of solid-state electronics and rectifiers. It is also used in the production of ruby-red glass and enamels and as an additive to improve the quality of steel and copper. Additionally, it is a catalyst (to speed up chemical reactions) in the manufacture of rubber. 

An important application of copper(I) oxide is in antifouling paints for steel, wood, and other materials exposed to sea water. Other applications include manufacture of ruby-red glass and preparation of miscellaneous copper salts. It also is used as a reducing agent in brazing pastes as a fungicide in photocells and as a catalyst. 

POLYBASITE. A mineral antimony sulfide of silver (Ag.C n)t. Sb,S. in which copper substitutes for silver to approximately 30 atomic percent. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system hardness, 2-3 specific gravity, 6.3 color, black, dark ruby red in thin splinters with metallic luster nearly opaque. From the Greek, meaning many, suggesting the many-metal basis. 

Nico, P.S., Ruby, M.V., Lowney, Y.W. and Holm, S.E. (2006) Chemical speciation and bioaccessibility of arsenic and chromium in chromated copper arsenate-treated wood and soils. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(1), 402-8. 

Exceptionally lightfast colors are obtained with metal-complexed azo dyes. Copper complexes of o,d -disubstituted azo compounds produce a wide range of colors (yellow, ruby, violet, blue, brown, olive, black). 

Reduction of cupric acetate An unreduced solution of cupric acetate in quinoline is a dark green color the fully reduced solution is a clear ruby red. When quinone has been reduced, as described above, further treatment with hydrogen produces metallic copper. In contrast, when cupric ion has all been reduced to cuprous ion, no further reduction occurs within convenient experimental times, and the solution remains clear. The reduced cupric solution can be reoxidized rapidly by oxygen at room temperature. 

Cuprous fluoride, CuF.—The fluoride has been prepared by the interaction of hydrogen fluoride and cuprous chloride, and also by the dissociation of cupric fluoride, both processes taking place at a high temperature.9 The product of the action of hydrogen-fluoride solution bn cuprous oxide10 appears to be impure copper only.11 The fluoride is a ruby-red solid. 

See argon ion, helium-cadmium, chemical, CO2 copper vapor, diode, dye, excimer, free electron, free-running, gas, helium-neon, krypton ion, mode-locked, neodymium, nitrogen, Q-switched, solid state, and ruby laser. 

Figure 5 shows an aluminum (or copper) sample holder that can serve to hold a 5-mm ruby ball for measuremeuts at temperatures up to 450°C. A snug hole contains a 110-V, 150-W cartridge heater (Omega) that is controlled by a Variac. A type-K thermocouple can be stuffed with glass wool in the hole above the ruby ball to monitor the temperature. A 1-in. steel set screw serves to thermally isolate the block from a support post. A 3-mm hole is drilled through for access of the excitation laser beam, and a second 3-mm hole on... 

Zeg Colcotar, or Chalcitis, or Zegi, of a citron hue, or copper colour, according to Dioscorides. Also called Citrine Atrament. There are in all four varieties Red Zeg, or Ruby Zeg, or Ruby Atrament, or Red Atrament. It is called Asuria. 

CALCATAR, COLCOTAR — Ruby Atrament CALCITEOSA or CALCITHEOS — i e, Litharge CALCITHOS — i.e., Green Copper. 

That which is melted from a ruby-coloured ochre. Hepatic, Copper ore. 

Once they have reached higher pH, reducing conditions of the intestinal tract (Davis et al, 1992), sulhdes should be more stable, and may actually precipitate if reduced sulfur is present. Other solids, such as hydroxides or hydroxy-sulfates of aluminum, and possibly iron, may also precipitate. The increased pH should also lead to the increased sorption onto particulates of various metals and metalloids such as lead and copper (Smith, 1999). However, in vitro tests (Ruby et al, 1993) indicate that the increased complexing with unprotonated organic acids and enzymes helps offset the pH-driven precipitation and sorption of the base metals that were dominantly chloride-complexed in the stomach fluids. Arsenic and other oxyanionic species are likely to be sorbed as the stomach acids are neutralized, but may be partially desorbed once higher pH values are reached in the intestine (Ruby et al, 1996). 

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