Ru on Carbon

The Ru-C catalyst is prepared by the reduction-impregnation method. The BET surface area is reported as 976 m with a pore size of 2 nm. The 

A ruthenium supported on graphite catalyst (Ru/G) could also be obtained by using the modified impregnation method. Ruthenium nanoparticles are very imlform and the size of particles was nearly 10 nm. The hydrogen generation rate for hydrolysis of sodium borohydride has been reported as 32.3 L min g and the activation energy is calculated as 61.1 kJ mol [68]. 

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Reaction of P-lactams with peracetic acid catalyzed by Cl2Ru[P(C6H5)3]3 or Ru-on-carbon results in P-acetoxylation. Thus 2-azetidinones are converted into 4-ace-toxy-2-azetidinones. This reaction can be effected with high diastereoselectivity. 

In the reductive alkylation of ammonia with cyclohexanone, Skita and Keil found that, although cyclohexylamine was obtained in 50% yield over a nickel catalyst, over colloidal platinum dicyclohexylamine was produced as the predominant product even in the presence of an excess molar equivalent of ammonia. Steele and Rylander compared the selectivity to primary amine, secondary amine, and alcohol in the reductive alkylation of ammonia with 2- and 4-methylcyclohexanones over 5% Pd-, 5% Rh-, and 5% Ru-on-carbon as catalysts.18 As seen from the results shown in Table 6.2, the formation of secondary amine is greatly depressed by the methyl group at the 2 position. Thus over Pd-C the secondary amine was formed predominantly with cyclohexanone and 4-methylcyclohexanone while the primary amine was produced in 96% selectivity with 2-methylcyclohexanone. Over Ru-C the alcohol was formed quantitatively with 4-methylcyclohexanone without the formation of any amines, whereas with 2-methylcyclohexanone the alcohol was formed only to an extent of 57%, accompanied by the formation of 4 and 39% of the secondary and primary amines, respectively. These results indicate that secondary amine formation is affected by the steric hindrance of the methyl group to a much greater extents than is the formation of the primary amine or the alcohol. The results with Ru-C and Rh-C also indicate... 

Copper chromite catalyzes reduction of aliphatic aldehydes to the alcohol, and Ru-on-carbon appears especially effective in aqueous medium. 

Hydrogenation of diketones to diols yields mixtures of stereoisomers. Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione hydrogenates rapidly over Ru-on-carbon, nearly quantitative yielding an about equimolar mixture of the cis and rra s-diol ... 

Ruthenium catalysts, like Ru-on-carbon or RuOj, are most often used, in water as solvent. They reduce dicarboxylic acids or a-hydroxy acids to the corresponding glycols ... 

Similar excellent results are obtained by combining a 5 % Ru-on-carbon catalyst with an acidic zeolite catalyst (H-USY, H-mordenite or H-ZSM-5). Ru-H-USY preparation zeolite NaY is exchanged with aq. NH4C1 (100 molar excess) at room temperature, washed, calcined (12 h, 450 °C) and the procedure repeated twice to obtain an essentially Na-free H-USY. Ru is incorporated by ion exchange with 0.05 M aq. Ru(NI fi Ch. The material is reduced by healing in H2 at 2 °C / min to 400 °C to obtain 3 % Ru in H-USY with a Ru dispersion of 0.73 (by CO adsorption). 

Glycerol and other polyols can be converted into propane-1,2-diol with high selectivity on sulfur-modified Ru on carbon the reaction is not simple hydrogenolysis but rather dehydrogenation, then dehydroxylation and hydrogenation of the enol produced [16-18],... 

Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Containing Compounds by S% Ru on Carbon (Room Temp., Atm. Pressure)... 

Hydrogentation of Dextrose by B% Ru on Carbon at Raised Temperatures and Pressures... 

Op de Beeck B, Geboers J, Van de Vyver S, Van Lishout J, Snelders J, Huijgen WJJ, Courtin CM, Jacobs PA, Sels BE (2013) ConvCTsirai of (ligno)cellulose feeds to isosorbide with heteropoly acids and Ru on carbon. ChemSusChem 6(l) 199-208... 

Although in situ infrared spectroscopy has been applied widely in terms of the systems studied, the reflective electrodes employed have been predominantly polished metal or graphite, and so an important advance has been the study of electrochemical processes at more representative electrodes such as Pt/Ru on carbon [107,122,157], a carbon black/polyethylene composite employed in cathodic protection systems [158] and sol-gel Ti02 electrodes [159]. Recently, Fan and coworkers [160] took this concept one step further, and reported preliminary in situ FTIR data on the electro-oxidation of humidified methanol vapor at a Pt/Ru particulate electrode deposited directly onto the Nafion membrane of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell that was mounted within the sample holder of a diffuse reflectance attachment. As well as features attributable to methanol, a number of bands between 2200 and 1700 cm were observed in the spectra, taken under shortoperating conditions, the importance of which has already been clearly demonstrated [107]. 

Wu H-M, Hsu P-F, Hung W-T (2009) Investigation of redox reaction of Ru on carbon nanotubes by pulse potential electrochemical deposition. Diam Relat Mater 18 337-340... 

Yang et al. (2006) used a PVA/SSA membrane of their own make obtained by cross-linking of poly(vinyl alcohol) with 10 wt% sulfosuccinic acid. In a methanol-air fuel cell with such a membrane, they used 4 mg/cm Pt-Ru on carbon black as the anode catalyst and an inexpensive catalyst without platinum on the basis of Mn02 as the cathode catalyst. The electrolyte was 2 M KOH solution +2M CH3OH. At a temperamre of 30°C, the current density in the maximum-power point was about 10 mA/cm and the voltage was 0.245 V. At 60°C, the corresponding values were 15.4 mAJan and 0.268 V. 

Whipple etoL [35] Methanol <0.1-15 M) Air H2S04<0.5M) lOmgcm" Pt/Ru on carbon paper 2 mg cm" Pt black or Ru Se as methanol tola t catalyst painted on Toray carbon paper as air-breathing cathode 2 mm thick PMMA Graphite plate for anode side... 

Geboers, J., Vyver, S.V.d., Carpentier, K., et al., 2010. Efficient catalytic conversion of concentrated cellulose feeds to hexitols with heteropoly acids and Ru on carbon. Chemical Communications 46,3577-3579. 

Catalyst developed in NMRL are high activity Pt on carbon for PAFC and PEMFC, CO resistant Pt-Ru on carbon for PAFC anodes, Pt-Co and Pt-Ni on carbon for PAFC/PEMFC cathode. 

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