Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Nobel lecture, Stockholm, December 1994, with Professor Fredga, President, Royal Swedish Academy of Science... 

Figure 12.15 Schematic arrangement of the photosynthetic pigments in the reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. The twofold symmetry axis that relates the L and the M subunits is aligned vertically in the plane of the paper. Electron transfer proceeds preferentially along the branch to the right. The periplasmic side of the membrane is near the top, and the cytoplasmic side is near the bottom of the structure. (From B. Furugren, courtesy of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science.)...

Fig. 35. The surroundings of Cu2+ and Nb(0,F)6 octahedrons in the crystal structure of CuNbO F. Ends of the bold and thin lines correspond to metals positioned at Z 0.75 and Z-0.25. Reproduced from [222], M. Lmdberg, O. Savborg, Chem. Scripta 13 (1978-79) 197, Copyright 1979, with permission of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

See brochure of Nobel Committees for Physics and Chemistry, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, List of the Nobel Prize Laureates 1901-1994, Alm-quist Wiksell Tryckeri Uppsala, Sweden, 1995. 

Fig. 11-3 Direct atmospheric measurements of the CO2 concentration (left-hand scale) at Mauna Loa (Hawaii) and the South Pole station (Keeling et al., 1995) together with the concurrently observed decrease in atmospheric oxygen content (right-hand scale) at La Jolla, CA after 1989. (Taken from Heimann (1997) with permission from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.)...

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1905 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer... 

Fig. 3.7 Jons Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848), professor of chemistry in Stockholm and discoverer of the elements selenium, silicon, thorium and zirconium. He introduced the modem chemical symbols and also the term organic chemistry . From the book Berzelius, Europaresendren by C. G. Bernhard with kind permission of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences...

In 1967, Bengt Lindberg was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and was a member of the Nobel committee for chemistry between 1974 and 1987. He presented the prize winners of 1979 (Herbert Brown and Georg Wittig) and the prize winner of 1984 (Bruce Merrifield). He received a number of Swedish awards for his scientific contributions, including the Celsius medal (1985). He was awarded the Haworth Memorial Medal from the Royal Society of Chemistry (1981) and was the first non-American to receive the Hudson Award from the American Chemical Society (1983). 

We are grateful to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR Grants 05-02-97713, 05-02-17248) for support. 

To my knowledge, this was the hrst time the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, with the preceding statement, extended the existence of a tight connection between Science and Ethics. For the sake of correctness, however, the 2001 Nobel laureates in chemistry (Knowles, Noyori, and Sharpless) came from the area of green chemistry. Their awards were for the new chiral syntheses in green manufacture and the discovery of improved clean ways to produce pharmaceuticals, an industry that is still one of the highest polluters. 

Fig. 2.20. High resolution photoelectron spectrum of O2, showing overlapping vibrational progressions from transitions to different electronic states of the ion (range of IE not shown). Reproduced from Ref. [88] with permission. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1970.

The year 2002 was an extraordinary year for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) practitioners. On October 9, 2002, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences annonnced their decision to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, and Kurt Wiithrich for their development of analytical methods for the identification and structnral analysis of biological macromolecnles. Fenn and Tanaka shared the prize for developing electrospray and soft-laser desorption, respectively. These soft-ionization techniqnes allow macromolecules to be ionized withont fragmentation. 

This project was supported by the Swedish Research Council. XD Zou is a Research Fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences supported by a grant from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. 

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Prof Walter Kohn and Prof John A. Pople. The Laureates have each made pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be... 

From Bugge with permission of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 

Kihlborg, L. (1979). Nobel Symposium 47 Direct Imaging of Atoms in Crystals and Molecules. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. 

ESI-MS (Table 2.8) was introduced by Yamashita and Fenn in 1984, and this invention was recognized by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences with the award of The Nobel... 

It should be stressed that this inquiry about the fate of the pioneers of free radical chemistry in the hands of the Nobel committee is based solely on a search of the Nobel Archive of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Although in principle no other written material, such as letters exchanged between committee members, should exist outside the archives (Section 8 in the Special Regulations at that time stated The proceedings, verdicts and proposals of the Nobel-Committees with reference to the prize-distribution shall not be published or in any other way be made known , much later to be replaced by the rule that the Nobel Archive should be made available for research of material fifty years old), it cannot be dismissed that such material with relation to free radical chemistry may possibly be found. The many references to correspondence between commit-... 

Academy Report. (1916). General report from the Nobel Committee for Chemistry to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In Minutes concerning... 

Nobel Symp., 47, ed. L. Kihlborg, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 1979 also D. J. Smith in Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VI, 413, Springer, Berlin, 1986. 

For Further Reading C. Baird, Environmental Chemistry (New York W. H. Freeman and Company, 1995), pp. 13-76. R. Monastersky, Drop in ozone killers means global gain, Science News, Mar. 9, 1996, p. 151. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Press Release The 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry The ozone layer—the Achilles heel of the biosphere, http /Avww.nobel.se/laureates/chemistry-1995-press.html)... 

R. Osterberg (ed,), Inorganic Biochemistry , Nobel Symposium 56, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1983. 

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (KVA) hereby confirms its support to a joint production with John Wiley and Sons, Inc. of the collective scientific works by Professor Jean-Pierre Vigier. It is thereby understood that this endorsement only concerns and objective estimate of these works, and implying no economic obligation from the side of the Academy. 

Acknowledgements.— Financial support from the Royal Swedish Academy of sciences (IVK), the Swedish Science Research Council (LIG, RIS) and the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (LIG, RIS, MJ) is gratefully acknowledged. 

I gratefully acknowledge financial support over the years from the Swedish Natural Science Research Council, the Swedish Research Council for Engineering Sciences, the Foundation for Strategic Research and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The author is indebted to Alejandro Engel-mann for making the picture, Figure 2.11, in relation to Ref. [78]. 

Shortly before Lennart Eberson died in 2000, he examined the archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to try to understand why Gomberg was not awarded a Nobel Prize.310 The topics dealt with by Tidwell and by Eberson have subsequently been treated again at much greater length. Tidwell s article covers the development of free radical chemistry in the 20th century and cites 399 references.311 Eberson s investigations of the Nobel Archives are presented in even greater detail.312 Tidwell has also written an essay on Wilhelm Schlenk (1879-1943) described as The Man behind the Flask who was a pioneer in free radical chemistry.313... 

W. Bregger to Nobel Committee, December 20, 1928, Pro Memoria 1929. Nobel Archive, Stockholm. 1 thank the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for access to the Nobel sources. 

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