Royal Academy of Science

Siemens constructed the first electric railway shown at the Berlin Trade Fair of 1879 and the first electrically-operated lift m 1880, and the first electric trams began operating in Berlin in 1881. Siemens received many honors for his work an 1860 hon-oraiy doctorate from the University of Berlin, an 1873 membership m the Royal Academy of Science, and an 1888 knighthood from Emperor Friedrich III. Siemens died m Berlin, Charlotteiiburg, on December 6, 1892. 

Although Don Francisco was rather reluctant to get involved in the formal activities of academies, he accepted membership in the Royal Academy of Sciences of Spain. He was not an outstanding speaker, but his straightforward manner and direct approach to the subject he was dealing with made... 

Fortunately for a poor, would-be chemist like Leblanc, France s aristocratic passion for the physical sciences crossed economic, social, and political borders. Intellectuals such as Rousseau and Diderot cultivated the sciences with enthusiasm and compiled encyclopedias and dictionaries of natural substances. Local academies and institutes in the far-flung provinces sponsored chemical studies. Crowds flocked to hear chemists lecture and to watch their flashy laboratory demonstrations. Even the future revolutionary, Jean-Paul Marat, experimented with fire, electricity, and light and tried—in vain—to become a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences. In America, Benjamin Franklin abandoned his printing and publishing business for physics, and in England his friend Jane Marcet wrote Mrs Marcet s Conversations in Chemistry for women and working-class men. 

In the midst of the excitement, Leblanc told his former chemistry professor, Jean Darcet, the fabulous secret of his discovery. After running some tests and confirming Leblanc s discovery, Darcet recommended it to their patron, the Duke of Orleans. So far the process had worked only in laboratory crucibles, but Darcet declared optimistically, I the undersigned, professor of chemistry at the Royal College of France and at the Royal Academy of Sciences, etc., certify that. . . with this same process, it will be easy to establish a factory. As is often the case, reality proved to be a trifle more complicated. 

Letter from Christopher Ingold to Prevost, dated 29 July 1946 and a letter from the Secretary of the Nobel Committees of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences to Prevost, dated 16 January 16 1954. Copies of these letters were given to me by Constantin Georgoulis, who completed a doctoral dissertation at Paris in 1960 on the kinetic study of reaction schemas for allylic transpositions, under the direction of Prevost. Another of Georgoulis s teachers was Paul Job, cousin of Andre Job. 

Guillaume-Franeois Rouelle, 1703—1770. Parisian apothecary. Former inspector-general of die pharmacy at the City Hospital. Demonstrator in chemistry at the Royal Botanical Garden. Member of the Royal Academies of Science of Paris and Stockholm and of the Electoral Academy of Erfurt. Born in the village of Mathieu two leagues from Caen September 16, 1703, died at Passy Aug. 3, 1770. (Translated from the French caption on the frame.) See also ref. (62). 

According to Zenz6n, Brandt stated in his diary for 1741 (which was not edited until 1744)- As there are six kinds of metals, so I have also shown widi reliable experiments, in my dissertation on the half-metals which I presented to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Upsala in 1735, that diere are also six kinds of half-metals. The same dissertation shows that I, dirough my experiments, had the good fortune. . to be the first... 

Because of its relation to saltpeter, P.-J. Macquer regarded nitric acid as a kind of sulfuric acid modified by its passage through animal and vegetable substances. In 1750, said he, the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin proposed an account of the generation of Nitre as the subject for their prize, which was conferred on a Memoir wherein this last opinion was supported by some new and very judicious experiments (8). Macquer stated that the Nitrous [nitric] Acid is never found but in earths and stones which have been impregnated with matters subject to putrefaction. (8). 

From 1875 to 1895 J.D. van der Waals was a member of the Dutch Royal Academy of Science. In 1908, at the age of 71, J. D. van der Waals resigned as a professor. During his life J. D. van der Waals was honored many times. He was one of only 12 foreign members of the Academie des Sciences in Paris. In 1910 he received the Nobel prize for Physics for the incredible work he had done on the equations of state for gases and fluids—only the fifth Dutch physicist to receive this honor. J. D. van der Waals died on March 8, 1923 at the age of 85. 

The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, the Royal Academy of Engineering Sciences, and other professional organizations scathingly criticized the committee s 1997 report Towards a Sustainable Chemicals Policy.7 Expert criticism meant little to the Minister of Environment at that time (now Minister of Foreign Affairs), Anna Lindh, who, in the case of the alleged dangerous properties of PVC, declared that she had more confidence in Greenpeace than in the Academy of Sciences. 

We wish to thank J. Champoux for additional checking of the synthesis and M. J. Doedee for recording 195Pt NMR spectra. V. Yu. K. is grateful to the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of Russia for financial support of his stay at the Lund University. 

The origins of the chemical industry can be traced to the Industrial Revolution. Sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate were among the first industrial chemicals. Oil of vitriol (as the former was known) played an important role in the manipulation of metals, but its production on an industrial scale required the development of materials that would resist attack. Sodium carbonate was obtained in its anhydrous form, soda ash, from vegetable material until the quantities produced could no longer meet the rapidly expanding needs of manufacturers of glass, soap, and textiles. This led the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, in 1775, to establish a contest for the discovery of a process based on an abundant raw material, sodium chloride, and to Nicolas Leblanc s method for the preparation of soda by converting salt into sulfate... 

Seitzinger, S.P. (1998) An analysis of processes controlling N P ratios in coastal marine ecosystems. In Effects of Nitrogen in the Aquatic Environment, pp. 65-83, Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. 

When Lavoisier invited the younger Laplace to collaborate with him in a quantitative study of heat, the invitation was a great compliment to the younger scientist. The results of their joint research were presented to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1783. The collaboration was symbolic of the union of chemistry with physics and a landmark in the quantification of what Lavoisier regarded as an imponderable substance, that is, a substance without weight. Both scientists were committed to the search for precise measurements, at a time when instrument makers were producing apparatus of unprecedented accuracy. 

Acknowledgement This work was carried out as a part the Marie Curie Network Self-assembly under confinement, SOCON and travel support for Natalija Gorochovceva is acknowledged from the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. PC and AD acknowledge financial support from the Swedish Research Council, VR. 

Stroup, Alice. Wilhelm Homberg and the Search for the Constituents of Plants at the 17th-Century Academie royale des sciences. Ambix 26, 1979, 184-201. Stroup, Alice. A Company of Scientists Botany, Patronage, and Community at the Seventeenth-Century Parisian Royal Academy of Sciences (University of... 

This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Institute Visby Program, Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, Swedish Research Councils TFR and NFR, and CePeP Ltd. Sweden and Estonian Science Foundation (ESF 4007 and 5588). 

The next milestones in tidal research were two papers published by Hagen in 1858 and 1860 as part of a series of mathematical treatises issued by Konigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften (Royal Academy of Sciences), Berlin. The decisive advance over Paschen was his complete coverage of the coast from Travemiinde to Klaipeda and the availability of hourly gauge data for some areas. Hagen s findings can be summarized as follows ... 

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