Ross-Miles foam height

Surfactant testing and reagent screening can be performed in a variety of ways. The simplest and most common technique used in the petroleum industry is the standard blender test [7]. Other test methods [4] include Ross-Miles foam height test, flow loop testing, capillary foam testers, contact angle measurements, tensiometers and actual field evaluations. Due to its low cost, easy duplication and ability to be used in the field, blender testing has become the norm in the industry for foam based fluids. 

FIG. 8 Modified Ross-Miles foam heights for C,2 linear alkylbenzenesulfonate and alkyldiphenyl oxide disulfonate at varying levels of Ca. Mono = linear alkylbenzenesulfonate Di = Cjg alkyldiphenyl oxide disulfonate. T = 0 represents the initial foam height. T = 5 represents the foam height after 5 min. 

TABLE 1 Ross Miles Foam Height Measurements for 1% Active 0, Alkyldiphenyl Oxide Disulfonate in Various Solutions at 25°C... 

Properties CL, colorless to It. straw Iiq. disp. in water in all proportions sp.gr. 8.46 Ibs/gal vise. 50 cps flash pt. > 200 F pH 8.5-9 8 nonvolatiles 30% surface tens. 28 mN/m Ross-Miles foam height 95 immediately, 82 after 5 mins. Environmental Environmentally friendly PolyFox PF-151N [OMNOVA Sol ns.]... 

Uses Detergent for personal care, emulsion polymerization, cleaners Features Exc. lathering props. mild hypochlorite stable effective in hard water high stable foam good stability to electrolytes and Cl chemically stable in acids and bases compat. with nonionic and other anionic surfactants Properties Opaque, wh. liq. sol. in water pH (5% aq.) 6.6 surface tens, (1% actives, neutral) 28 Ross-Miles foam height (1% actives, initial, neutral) 182 mm 28% act. 

Ross and Miles foam heights with amide fatty acid amides, 2 456t viscosify enhancement, 2 455t Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate cosmetic surfactant, 7 834t... 

Ross-Miles Foam Test 0.1% cone in Chicago tap 25C Initial foam height 10 cm Foam after 5 min 9 cm... 

The Ross-Miles foam behavior of 1.0 mM aqueous C12En solutions is shown in Fig. 9 [78]. It is seen that the initial foam height increases linearly with the increase in EO units, n (up to 22), but then it slightly falls for longer EO units. A similar behavior has been observed in several types of polyoxy-... 

Chlebicki and Slipko [127] determined the foam ability of sodium propoxyl-ated alcohol sulfates by the Ross-Miles method. These substances are low-foaming surfactants the greatest foam height was observed for dodecyl and tetradecyl chains. As expected, as the number of polyoxypropylene units on the same alcohol chain increases, foam height decreases. The maximum foam height obtained was 225 mm for a 2 g/L solution of sodium tetradecyl (1 PrO) sulfate. 

FIG. 4 Influence of the alkyl chain on the foam of some alkyl ether carboxylates. Foam height according to Ross and Miles. 0.1% A.M. in 1% NaOH solution, EO = 3 t = 20°C, 15°gh. (From Refs. 61 and 64.)... 

Foaming plays an important part for many applications. Figure 8 shows foaming behavior of sulfosuccinates expressed as foam height in the Ross-Miles test. 

A great number of nonionic surfactants have been ethoxylated and subsequently reacted with P4O10. The acid phosphate esters from this reaction possess surface properties and detergency similar to the nonionic surface-active agents employed as reactants. Detergency tests and foam heights from the Ross-Miles method have been reported for a series of compounds. Various formulations for all-purpose cleaners are given as well [37,40,41,44,48]. 

The quantity xp is a much better defined characteristic of foam stability (since the pressure in the borders along the height of the foam column remains constant during its destruction). This parameter is also much more sensitive to the kind of surfactant, electrolyte concentration and other additives, compared to the lifetime of the foam in gravitational field, with an averaged pressure value from 0 to pgH. Estimation of the stability of foams from different surfactants by xp and by the Ross-Miles test has been reported in [16]. The results are discusses in Section 7.6.1. The advantages of the Foam Pressure Drop Technique and, respectively, xp as a characteristic of the foam stability, are clearly shown. 

Tsuge et al. [11] present a comparison of three methods for estimation of the defoaming ability i) by the decrease in height of a foam column, produced by pouring the solution (Ross-Miles method) after antifoam introduction the height is measured immediately after foam formation and after 5 min... 

Several methods for generating foam have been reported including the use of kitchen blenders [20,164], shaking or rotation [165,166], by dropping from a height into a flask (Ross-Miles) [167], and by bubbling inert gas into the solution [168],... 

In the Ross-Miles method, 200 mL of a solution of surfactant contained in a pipette of specified dimensions with a 2.9-mm-i.d. orifice is allowed to fall 90 cm onto 50 mL of the same solution contained in a cylindrical vessel maintained at a given temperature (often 60°C) by means of a water jacket. The height of the foam produced in the cylindrical vessel is read immediately after all the solution has mn out of the pipette (initial foam height) and then again after a given amount of time (generally, 5 min). 

FIG. 22 Effects of NaCl concentration on the Ross and Miles foam stability (5 min) and aqueous core thickness of rupture (I>rup) for aqueous solutions of 60 mM SDS at 26 °C. S5unbols are residual foam height after 5 min (O) and D up ( ). 

FIGU RE 4.25 (a) Experimental observations of residual foam height (by Ross-Miles method) as function of critical applied capillary pressure, measured by FTT for a variety of surfactant solutions containing 0.1 wt.% emulsified neat PDMS oil. Residual foam heights for solutions requiring high values of are seen to follow the theoretical estimates of by Equation 4.40. 

---