Foam tests

Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) Uralkyd resins, 202 Urea-methylol reaction, 410 Urethane alkyds, 241 Urethane coatings, 202 Urethane elastomers, implanted, 207 Urethane foams, tests for, 244 Urethane gels, 205 Urethane-grade ATPEs, 223 Urethane-grade polyol types, 212 Urethane-grade raw materials, 246 Urethane hydrogel, preparation of, 250-251... 

Ross-Miles foam test (ASTM D1173-53) 160/150 mm 155/145 mm... 

Several surfactants were studied in ambient-pressure foam tests, including alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxysulfates, alcohol ethoxyethylsulfonates, and alcohol ethoxyglycerylsuUbnates [210]. Surfactants that performed well in the 1-atm foaming experiment were also good foaming agents in site cell and core flood experiments performed in the presence of CO2 and reservoir fluids under realistic reservoir temperature and pressure conditions. 

The acceptance test for foam-water sprinkler and water spray systems is similar to systems without foam. Tests include ... 

Test Methods. Surface tension (y) measurements were taken by Wil-helmy method (25+0.1°C). Critical micelle concentrations (cmc) were obtained from Y logC curves. Contact angle. Type GI, Japan. Wetting test. Canvas disk method, CIS,HG-2-380-66. Foam test, Ross-Miles lather method. Emulslbillty was determined by mixing 20 ml of 2.5%... 

Uses of Oldershaw columns to less conventional systems and applications were described by Fair, Reeves, and Seibert [Topical Conference on Distillation, AIChE Spring Meeting, New Orleans, p. 27 (March 10-14, 2002)]. The applications described include scale-up in the absence of good VLE, steam stripping efficiencies, individual component efficiencies in multicomponent distillation, determining component behavior in azeotropic separation, and foam testing. 

The first method is quite difficult to reproduce due to the strong influence on the results that small contaminations or vibrations can have. The latter two are also difficult to reproduce since the foam generation and collapse is not always uniform, yet these methods are very commonly used. The dynamic foam tests are most suitable for evanescent foams since their lifetimes are transient. For more stable foams the static foam tests are more commonly used. 

In either the dynamic or static foam tests, but especially the static tests, one should bear in mind the many changes in a foam that may occur over time, including gas diffusion and changing bubble size distribution. 

The foaming capability and foam stability obtained from sparkling wines is usually tested by a dynamic foam stability method, as discussed in Section 2.6.2. Because these foams are evanescent and not really very stable, at least compared with the foams found in other industries, dynamic rather than static foam tests are the most suitable. In one version of the dynamic foam test, the Mosalux method, the foam heights are automatically measured using infrared beams and sensors [848],... 

A measure of the persistence of a foam (the time an average bubble exists before bursting). Ideally independent of the apparatus and procedure used, and characteristic of the foaming solution being tested. See also Dynamic Foam Test. 

A method for assessing foam stability in which one measures the rate of collapse of a (static) column of foam that has been generated by allowing a certain quantity of foaming solution to fall a specified distance into a separate volume of the same solution contained in a vessel. This technique is ASTM method D1173-53. See also Static Foam Test. 

Spotting Agent Static Foam Test Static Mixer... 

Any of several methods for assessing foam stability in which one measures the rate of collapse of a (static) column of foam. See also Dynamic Foam Test, Foaminess. 

The first test, installed on a section of Dempster Highway about 40 miles south of Inuvik in the Northwest Territories, was designed for permafrost protection. The 45-ft wide and 130-ft long sulfur foam test pad averaged 4.4 in. in thickness and 11 lb/ft3 in density, with an average compressive strength of 46 psi. The foam was installed on top of the 1.5-ft thick pioneer fill and then was covered with 3.5 ft of granular overfill, in this case ripped shale, to complete the road section. 

Surveillance of sulfur foam test installation on the Dempster Highway in the arctic and at Anderson Road in Calgary continues, and in both cases the performance is satisfactory. 

The studies discussed expand the use of the method for assessment of foetal lung maturity with the aid of microscopic foam bilayers [20]. It is important to make a clear distinction between this method [20] and the foam test [5]. The disperse system foam is not a mere sum of single foam films. Up to this point in the book, it has been repeatedly shown that the different types of foam films (common thin, common black and bilayer films) play a role in the formation and stability of foams (see Chapter 7). The difference between thin and bilayer foam films [19,48] results from the transition from long- to short-range molecular interactions. The type of the foam film depends considerably also on the capillary pressure of the liquid phase of the foam. That is why the stability of a foam consisting of thin films, and a foam consisting of foam bilayers (NBF) is different and the physical parameters related to this stability are also different. Furthermore, if the structural properties (e.g. drainage, polydispersity) of the disperse system foam are accounted for it becomes clear that the foam and foam film are different physical objects and their stability is described by different physical parameters. 

Cell size and uniformity are also important variables when studying foams. However, space limitations preclude discussions of these variables herein. Other surfactant properties critical to the success of an EOR process are surfactant adsorption and thermal stability. These questions, under study in our laboratory, are not considered in the short-term one atmosphere foam test experiment and therefore will not be discussed herein. 

Unlike previous one atmosphere foam test designs, the present test permits the effect of the oil phase on surfactant foaming properties to be determined. Refined hydrocarbons were used as model oil phases. Results summarized in Tables I and Figure 3 indicated that the presence of hydrocarbons decreased the foam stability. Examination of Table I indicated that the presence of a hydrocarbon substantially reduced the 75 C foam volumes produced by AES and AESo surfactants. 

Figure 12. Gas Finger with High Quality Foam (Test 1-27B)...

Tertiary oil was increased up to 41% over conventional CO2 recovery by means of mobility control where a carefully selected surfactant structure was used to form an in situ foam. Linear flow oil displacement tests were performed for both miscible and immiscible floods. Mobility control was achieved without detracting from the C02-oil interaction that enhances recovery. Surfactant selection is critical in maximizing performance. Several tests were combined for surfactant screening, included were foam tests, dynamic flow tests through a porous bed pack and oil displacement tests. Ethoxylated aliphatic alcohols, their sulfate derivatives and ethylene oxide - propylene oxide copolymers were the best performers in oil reservoir brines. One sulfonate surfactant also proved to be effective especially in low salinity injection fluid. 

A sequence of tests was designed to rapidly identify those additives that have high potential for commercial application. Static blender foam tests eliminated additives with low potential. The severity of the tests was increased stepwise, resulting in the elimination of additional candidate additives. The final tests involved the displacement of tertiary oil employing those additives that still looked promising after the preliminary screening studies. 

Surfactants with low foamability were found to be poor candidates for mobility control. In general, anionic surfactants appear superior in the static foam tests. Sulfate esters of ethyoxylated linear alcohols were slightly better than the other classes of surfactants. Most sulfonates do not appear compatible with even small amounts of calcium and, therefore, produce very little foam at the temperatures used, 75-120 F. 

Results of the Dynamic Foam Tests. Typical plots of pressure drop vs. time for the dynamic foam tests are given in Figure 3. The initial sharp rise in... 

Dynamic foam tests and the displacement tests are needed to complete the screening of the candidate surfactants. Good correspondence was obtained between the two tests. 

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