Role of Standardization

In many supply chains, products with similar form and function may end up having different specifications (e.g., consider the number of different power cords for cell phones). Such SKU proliferation can generate 

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The role of standards Clinical evaluations Summary technical files... 

Cali JP, Mears TW, Michaelis RE, Reed WP, Seward RW, Stanley CL, Yolken HT, and Ku HH (1975) The role of standard reference materials in measurement systems. NBS Monograph 148, Washington DC. 

Vitha, M. F., and P. W. Carr, The chemical meaning of the standard free energy of transfer Use of van der Waals equation of state to unravel the interplay between free volume, volume entropy and the role of standard states , J. Phys. Chem. B, 104,5343-5349 (2000). 

Standard Reference Material 1470 is a 23 micrometer thick polyester film whose gas transmission characteristics with respect to helium, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen have been carefully measured. A completely computerized manometric permeation measuring facility developed at NBS was used for the measurements. The steps taken to characterize the gas transmission rate of this material over the range of pressures from 67.5 kPa to 135 kPa and over the range of temperatures from 18 °C to 31 °C are described. The results obtained in these measurements are compared with those in the literature. The role of Standard Reference Material 1470 in improving the repeatability and reproducibility of gas transmission measurements employing other instrumentation is discussed. 

TEXT BOX A DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION — THE ROLE OF STANDARDS... 

Stanley, G. L., Yolken, H. T., Ku, H. H., "The Role of Standard Refer-ence Materials in Measurement Systems, in "National Bureau of Standards Monograph 148, Washington, D. G., 1975. 

This introduces the text and provides an outline of the key points behind medicines supply. It also covers the basic classification of medicines and the role of standard operating procedures. 

Chapter 8 The role of standards and standardization in reliability of analytical information... 

Szilagyi, M., 1972. The geochemical role of standard potential in reactions between humic substances and metals. Geochem. Int., 9 402—406. 

Harbottle G (1982) Provenience Studies Using Neutron Activation Analysis The Role of Standardization, in Archaeological Ceramics, (eds. Olin JS, Franklin AK) p. 6, Washington, Smithsonian Institution... 

Comprehensive chapters are presented on chemical thermod)mamics (Chapter 15) and chemical kinetics (Chapter 16). The discussion of entropy includes the concepts of dispersal of energy and dispersal of matter (disorder). The distinction between the roles of standard and nonstandard Gibbs free-energy change in predicting reaction spontaneity is clearly discussed. Chapter 15 is structured so that the first nine sections, covering thermochemistry and bond energies, could be presented much earlier in the course. Chapter 16 provides an early and consistent emphasis on the experimental basis of kinetics. 

Gu JG. Role of standards in testing flexible packaging films, http //www.ipiindia.org/ packging/item/flexible-pkg-role-of-standards-jiajian-georgia-gu-19092008-pdf. 

Standards play a critical role in particular in the realisation of quantitative analysis by SIMS. Only a limited number of materials exist that are homogeneous on the micrometer spatial scale and attain the high level of standardisation appropriate to standard reference materials. It appears that only one certified reference material (CRM) exists for SIMS analysis (for semiconductor materials) [153]. Also, standardisation of SIMS has its main focus on inorganics, such as the quantification of dynamic SIMS [154, 155]. The role of standards in SIMS has been addressed [156]. 

This paper could not have been written without the support of a large number of other people. I must thank all the members of EWICS TC7, but particularly Stuart Nunns who in discussion allowed me to reflect on the views of a large UK industrial user of computer systems and the role of standards. Also I must thank the Safety and Reliability Society for the extracts from the 1986 Yearbook. 

Antonsen, S., Skarholt, K. Ringstad, A.J. 2012. The role of standardization in safety management— A case study of a major oil gas company. Sctfety Science 50 2001—2009. 

The example of the work performed by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) to define biodegradability and compostability is illustrative of the role of standardization in this field. 

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