Robust phase stability

The vapor-liquid equilibrium was computed from the EOS model using the reliable and robust method of Hua et al 14-16) based on interval analysis. Their method can find the correct thermodynamically stable solution to the vapor-liquid equilibrium problem with mathematical and computational certainty. Additionally, the tangent plane distance method 17,18) was used to test the predicted liquid and vapor phase compositions for global thermodynamic phase stability. 

All of the reported crosslinking techniques are very efficient and generate robust phase-separated nanostructures (Figure 17.8) (Read and Armes, 2007). The stabilization methodologies all allow for the complete protection of the core or bilayer domain by the uniform stabilized shell layer, while maintaining the desired nanoscale particle diameters with narrow size distributions (with distributions of around 1-5 nm) - thus providing a confined environment within the core or bilayer domain in which reagents can be sequestered. 

Like any electrochemical device, a lithium battery uses two electrodes (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte it is thus obvious that the choice of electrolyte components is dictated by the electrode materials in use. In other words the chemistry of the two electrode-electrolyte interfaces involved in the battery ultimately determines the optimum electrolyte. In principle, however, one may choose to define an ideal electrolyte (which is usually only a wish list ) that would have the following properties (1) a large window of phase stability, i.e., no vaporization or crystallization, (2) non-flammability, (3) a wide electrochemical stability window, (4) non-toxicity, (5) abundant availability, (6) nfui-corrosive to battery components, (7) environmentally friendly, (8) robust against various abuses, such as electrical, mechanical, and thermal ones, and (9) good wetting properties at the electrolyte-electrode interface. 

Ni-base superalloy pressure vessel is more robust to chemical interactions from the coolant and external environment. Refractory metal alloys are likely susceptible to radiation-induced phase stability at elevated temperatures... 

The resulting M°/CFP nanocomposites with M = Pd, Pt, Ag and Au exhibit in general satisfactory handiness in the laboratory atmosphere and chemical stability under operational conditions, re-usability, mechanical robustness (under proper conditions), plain filterability. Their reactivity is quite comparable to that of conventional M°/ S (S = carbon, inorganic support) catalysts. M°/CFP are to be employed in the liquid phase. 

CE methods are developed and utilized in pharmaceutical QC for early to late phases of drug development. Chapter 4 covers the approaches for late-phase development for small molecules that can be used in early-phase development, as well as for large-molecular-weight compounds. Late-phase method development in pharmaceutical QC is performed for required stability studies and for release of the drug product or drug substance validation batches, and is intended to be transferred to the operational QC laboratories for release testing of the production batches. Preferably, late-phase methods should be fast, robust, reliable, and transferable. Therefore it is crucial to devote adequate time, thought, and resources to the development of such methods. 

The application of biosensors for process monitoring has been dogged by problems with fouling, selectivity, degrading bioactivity and long-term stability. Recent developments in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) show some promise as synthetic receptors and have been used for this purpose for assays and as HPLC stationary phases. Recent work has shown that MIPs show increased robustness, storage endurance and lower cost compared with biosensors, which... 

The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small but deliberate variations in the analytical procedure parameters. The robustness of the analytical procedure provides an indication of its reliability during normal use. The evaluation of robustness should be considered during development of the analytical procedure. If measurements are susceptible to variations in analytical conditions, the analytical conditions should be suitably controlled or a precautionary statement should be included in the procedure. For example, if the resolution of a critical pair of peaks was very sensitive to the percentage of organic composition in the mobile phase, that observation would have been observed during method development and should be stressed in the procedure. Common variations that are investigated for robustness include filter effect, stability of analytical solutions, extraction time during sample preparation, pH variations in the mobile-phase composition, variations in mobile-phase composition, columns, temperature effect, and flow rate. 

Robustness for HPLC Analysis. The investigation of the effect of column, mobile phase, HPLC solution stability, and wavelength is performed in a manner similar to the HPLC potency/related substance assay. For solution stability, the... 

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