River water chemical analysis

The paper describes the different chemical sensors and mathematical methods applied and presents the review of electronic tongue application for quantitative analysis (heavy metals and other impurities in river water, uranium in former mines, metal impurities in exhaust gases, ets) and for classification and taste determination of some beverages (coffee, bear, juice, wines), vegetable oil, milk, etc. [1]. 

Polymeric precolumns of styrene-divinylbenzene were used by Aguilar et al. to monitor pesticides in river water. Water samples (50 mL) were trace enriched on-line followed by analysis using LC combined with diode-array detection. LC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) MS was used for confirmatory purposes. It was found that after the pesticides had been extracted from the water sample, they could be stored on the precartridges for up to 3 months without any detectable degradation. This work illustrates an advantage of SPE for water samples. Many pesticides which may not be stable when stored in water, even at low temperature, may be extracted and/or enriched on SPE media and stored under freezer conditions with no detectable degradation. This provides an excellent way to store samples for later analysis. 

In addition to the chemical effects of varying salinity, there are optical interferences in colorimetric analysis which are peculiar to estuarine samples. Saline waters and river waters have, in the absence of colorimetric reagents, an apparent absorbance arising from ... 

In response to the concern expressed by the shellfish farmers operating in the Ebro River delta about the potential positive role of pesticides on the oyster and mussel mortalities observed in the area, our group, commissioned by and with the collaboration of the Catalan Water Agency (ACA), carried out a comprehensive study in which chemical and toxicity data were combined to assess potential toxic presures present in the delta. To this end, a combined approach scheme integrating the measurement of various general physicochemical parameters in water, quantitative chemical analysis of pesticides in water and biota, and ecotoxicity assays in water was applied to a series of samples collected at springtime (between mid-April and mid-June 2008) from six selected sites of the delta the two (northern and southern)... 

We turn our attention to developing a chemical model of water from the Amazon River, using a chemical analysis reported by Hem (1985, p. 9). The procedure in... 

Fig. 6.3. Saturation indices of Amazon River water with respect to various minerals (left) calculated directly from a chemical analysis, and (right) computed assuming that equilibrium with kaolinite and hematite controls the fluid s aluminum and iron content.

By comparing the actual composition of sea water (sediments + sea -f- air) with a model in which the pertinent components (minerals, volatiles) with which water has come into contact are allowed to reach true equilibrium, Sillen in 1959 epitomized the application of equilibrium models for portraying the prominent features of the chemical composition of this system. His analysis, for example, has indicated that contrary to the traditional view, the pH of the ocean is not buffered primarily by the carbonate system his results suggest that heterogeneous-equilibria of silicate minerals comprise the principal pH buffer systems in oceanic waters. This approach and its expansion have provided a more quantitative basis for Forchbammer s suggestion of 100 years ago that the quantity of the different elements in sea water is not proportional to the quantity of elements which river water pours into the sea but is inversely proportional to the facility with which the elements in sea water are made insoluble by general chemical actions in the sea. 

The Dutch magazine KGK (Klei Glas Keramiek = Clay Glass Ceramics) reports the results of an extensive physical and chemical research of five clay deposits in the area between the rivers Rhine and river Meuse in the Netherlands. The chemical part involved both main and trace elements. The analysis of trace elements was carried out within the framework of an Act on the requirements for the environmental quality of soil materials in relation to, for example, the chemical composition of baked clay products. One of the things which have to be investigated in the baked product is the degree in which incorporated pollutions leach out (are extracted) under the influence of the weather, and especially under the influence of water. The analysis of one of the five deposits is represented in table 8.2. 

A procedure of this kind was used in the International Odra Project—IOP (1997-2001).113 Screening tests of water samples on V. fischeri bacteria showed that samples taken from two measuring stations (the town of Brzeg Dolny and the confluence of the Mala Panew River with the Odra River, Poland) were toxic toward the bacteria. Chemical analysis for the detection of organic... 

Goeringer and Ellzy (31) used GC/MI/FT1R to analyze alkylphosphonic acids from simulated river water samples. The chemicals were silylated before the analysis. 

Krishnamurty, K. V. and Reddy, M. M. "The Chemical Analysis of Water and Sediments in the Genesee River Watershed Study" on file in the library of International Joint Commission, Regional Office, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 1975. 

Collectively, the programs mentioned above represent the "state of the art" in the calculation of the equilibrium distribution of species in aqueous systems. As a means of examining the consistency of these programs, two test cases (a dilute river water and an average seawater analysis) were compiled and mailed to more than fifty researchers who have been active in the field of chemical modeling. These test cases may overlook many of the features of specific programs, but they provide a common basis by which most of the programs can be... 

Ba, Sr, and B. Consistency between programs was evaluated by comparing the log of the molal concentrations of free ions and complexes for two test solutions a hypothetical seawater analysis and a hypothetical river water analysis. Comparison of the free major ion concentrations in the river water test case shows excellent agreement for the major species. In the seawater test case there is less agreement and for both test cases the minor species commonly show orders of magnitude differences in concentrations. These differences primarily reflect differences in the thermodynamic data base of each chemical model although other factors such as activity coefficient calculations, redox assumptions, temperature corrections, alkalinity corrections and the number of complexes used all have an affect on the output. 

Xiao, X.-Y. McCaUey, D.V. McEvoy, J. Analysis of estrogen in river water and effluents using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzyl derivatives. J. Chromatogr., A 2001, 923, 195-204. 

The suspended solid content of a 1-liter river water sample is 20 mg/liter. Assume this material is all organic carbon and that Koc, the organic carbon-water partition coefficient for a chemical of interest, is approximately 4000 liter/kg. A laboratory filters the sample before analysis, analyzing the filtrate (water that does pass through the filter) and reporting the chemical concentration, C, of the filtrate. 

In October 2006 the Musselmonitor, equipped with 8 zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), installed at the water company Water Maatschappij Limburg (WML) along the River Meuse at Beegden (NL) showed an alarm. Chemical analysis of the water sample that was collected indicated the presence of the plasticizer N-butyl benzene sulfonamide (N-BBSA) its source remained unknown. In February 2007, as a result of this incident, the water company included this compound in the set of routine... 

The magnitude and duration of flows, coupled with the chemical quality of the waters, determine (to a considerable degree) the biological characteristics of the stream. The river is an extremely rich and diverse ecosystem, and any water quality analysis must recognize this diversity. The river system may therefore be considered from the physical, chemical, and biological perspective. The principal physical characteristics of rivers that are of interest include ... 

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