Richmond mine

Underground in the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain, California, extremely acidic mine waters have been encountered, with pH ranging from 1.5 to —3.6 and total dissolved metal (mainly iron) and sulfate concentrations as high as 200 g and 760 g respectively. These are the most acidic waters known. 

Thiobacillus thiooxidans also accelerate the process. Low-pH waters from tailings and acid mine waters have been reported in the range of 0.1-2.1 (Alpers et al., 1992), with the lowest value being reported as — 3.6 at the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain, California, which is now a Superfund site (Nordstrom et al., 2000). Dissolved metal concentrations as high as 200 g/L have also been recorded in this AMD. 

Copper Richmond Mines, Iron Mountain, USA Britannia Mines, Canada Nordstrom et al. (2000) Grout and Levings (2001)... 

Philip Morris USA Postgraduate Research Program, VA Philip Morris USA Research Center, 4201 Commerce Road, Richmond, VA 23234, USA Current address Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemical Engineering, Golden, CO 80401... 

Anon, "Pilot Plant Treatment of Mine Drainage, Walker Mine, Plumas County, Callfomle," Draft Report prepared for California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Velley Region, by Pearson and Associates, Richmond, California, Regional Board Project 1-043-150-0, March 1983. 

The first coal deposits on the North American continent were discovered ca 2nd half of 17th century in Nova Scotia and ca 1701 on the banks of James river, near Richmond, Virginia. It was not until 1745, however, that coal started to be mined in Va on a commercial scale. About 1751 coal was discovered in West Virginia (Appalachian bituminous),in 1755 in Ohio and in 1770 in Pennsylvania... 

The United States began to produce sarin in the early 1950s, and VX in the early 1960s, for potential military use production continued for about a decade.6 The U.S. munitions inventory today contains these two nerve agents in 30- to 45-year-old M55 rockets land mines 105-mm, 155-mm, and 8-in. projectiles 500-lb and 750-lb bombs wet-eye bombs (one of a family of eye bombs, which has liquid chemical [wet] contents) spray tanks and bulk containers.9 These munitions are stored at six depots within the continental United States (CONUS) and one outside the continent the locations of these depots are public knowledge.10 The six CONUS depots are near Tooelle, Utah Umatilla, Oregon Anniston, Alabama Pine Bluff, Arkansas Newport, Indiana and Richmond, Kentucky the seventh depot is on Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean. 

The first coal miners in the American colonies were likely farmers who dug coal from beds exposed on the surface and sold it by the bushel. In 1748, the first commercial coal production began from mines around Richmond, Virginia. Coal was used to manufacture shot, shell, and other war material during the Revolutionary War. 

Coal is found by Huguenot settlers at Manakin on the James River, near what is now Richmond, Virginia 1748 The first reca-ded commercial coal production in the United States is recorded from mines in the Manakin area 1762 Coal is used to manufacture, shot, shell, and other war material during Revolutionary War 1816 Baltimore, Maryland, becomes the first city to Ught streets with gas made from coal 1830 The Tom Thumb—the first commercially practical American-built locomotive— is manufactured. Early locomotives that burned wood were quickly modified to use coal almost entirely 1839 The steam shovel is invented and evenmally becomes instrumental in mechanizing surface coal mining. 

Surface Mine Gontrol and Reclamation Act of 1977, Pub. L. 95-87, 91 Stat. 445 (1977) Edward Shawn Grandis, The Federal Strip Mining Act Environmental Protection Comes to the Coalfields of Virginia, 13 U. Richmond L. Rev. 455 (1979), at 463. 

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