Ribonucleic acid labeled

Nucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)) probes utilize labeled, ie, radioactive, enzymatic, or fluorescent, fragments of DNA or RNA (the probe) to detect complimentary DNA or RNA sequences in a sample. Because the probe is tailored for one specific nucleic acid, these assays are highly specific and very sensitive (45). 

Draper, P.E., and Gold, L. (1980) A method for linking fluorescent labels to polynucleotides Application to studies of ribosome-ribonucleic acid interactions. Biochemistry 19, 1774-1781. 

That the cytoplasmic nucleic acid is present in the mitochondria, the micro-eomes, and the non-sedimentable cell-sap is also known.117 The nuclear ribonucleic acid has been reported to be associated with the nucleolus and the chromosomes.118 It is known, moreover, that the ribonucleic acids of the different parts of the cell are biochemically distinct, since they become labeled with P32 at different rates.119 In liver cells, the nuclear ribonucleic acid is also chemically distinct from the cytoplasmic material, since the two differ in composition.120 It is clear, therefore, that ribonucleic acids prepared from whole cells are likely to be mixtures of various molecular species. 

By hydrolysis under very mild alkaline conditions (with a boiling suspension of barium carbonate), ribonucleic acids have been shown to yield small quantities of cyclic phosphates as well as the normal nucleotides.96 These materials were identical electrophoretically with synthetic cyclic phosphates and were readily hydrolyzed to mixtures of 2- and 3-phosphates. Their formation in this way constitutes strong support for Brown and Todd s theory. The precise way in which the alkaline hydrolysis of the polynucleotide occurs has been studied using isotopically labeled water, and the results are in agreement202 with the scheme outlined above. 

Compounds 80, 81 and 82 have been used to assign correctly the 13C-NMR spectra of the covalent adducts which result from nucleophilic attack of bisulphite anion on them66. Previously, uracil labelled with 13C at C(4) has been applied67 to study its incorporation into transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) by taking the 13C NMR spectra of 13C-enriched tRNA. The fluidity of the fatty acids within biological membranes has been investigated68 by feeding 13C-labelled acetate. 

Yukioka, M., Hatayama, T, Morisawa, S., Affinity labeling of the ribonucleic acid component adjacent to the peptidyl recognition center of peptidyl transferase in Escherichia coU ribosomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1975, 390, 192-208. 

The rotational relaxation time informs on problems like the sequental flexibility of antibodies, of DNA, of myosin, of membrane proteins or the rotational diffusion of transfer-RNA 47). For example transfer-RNA (ribonucleic acid) which was labelled with the dye ethidium bromide was investigated using nanosecond laser pulses 25,60). 

Northern blot The technique by which molecules of ribonucleic acid (RNA) are separated by gel electrophoresis, transferred to a membrane support, and incubated with labeled oligonucleotide probes. Specificity is obtained by using ohgonucleotide probes that have sequences complementary to the target RNA. 

Cl. Cline, M. J., Ribonucleic acid biosynthesis human leukocytes The fate of rapidly labeled RNA in normal and abnormal leukocytes. Blood 28, 650-664 (1966). 

The use of native labels avoids the difficult task of finding isomorphous derivatives. Sulfur is present in the amino acids methionin and cystein. The latter very often form disulfide bridges between adjacent protein chains. It is an important constituent of rubber and it is also found in fossile fuels and many minerals. Phosphorus is present in ribonucleic acids and in polar head groups of membranes. 

C. G. Kurland, R.W. Risebrough, J.D. Watson, Unstable ribonucleic acid revealed by pulse labelling of Escherichia Coli, Nature 1961,... 

T. Erdos and A. Ullmann, Effect of streptomycin on the incorporation of amino acids labeled with carbon-14 into ribonucleic acid and protein in a cell-free system of a Mycobacterium, Nature, 183 (1959) 618-619. 

Upreti et al. (1987) studied the mechanism of toxicity of formaldehyde in male rats by intraperitoneal injection of " C-labeled HCHO. In 72 hours 41% of the dose was eliminated through expired air and another 15% in urine. A significant level of radioactivity was detected bound to subcellular microsomal fractions, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, lipid fractions of liver, and spleen tissues. The study indicates that formaldehyde undergoes rapid absorption and distribution in the body. 

Caron M, Dugas H (1976) Specific spin-labeling of transfer ribonucleic-acid molecules. Nucleic Acids Res 3(1) 19-34... 

Attardi, G., H. Parnas, M. I. H. Hwang, and B. Attardi. 1966. Giant-size rapidly labeled nuclear ribonucleic acid and cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleic acid in immature duck erythrocytes. J. Molec. Biol., 20 145-182. 

Parsons, J. T., and K. S. McCarty. 1968. Rapidly labeled messenger ribonucleic acid-protein complexes of rat liver nuclei. J. Biol. Chem., 243 5377-5384. 

Schweiger, A., and K. Hannig. 1970. Proteins associated with rapidly labeled nuclear ribonucleic acids and their occurrence in rat liver cytoplasmic fractions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 204 317-324. 

Berhane, B.T. and Limbach, P.A. (2003) Stable isotope labeling for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and post-source decay analysis of ribonucleic acids. 

Meng, Z. and Limbach, P.A. (2005) Quantitation of ribonucleic acids using 180 labeling and mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 77 (6), 1891-1895. 

A15 Avdalovic, N. Disappearance of radioactivity from the various ribonucleic acid pools and acid-soluble fractions of mouse liver and kidney after single injection of labeled orotic acid. Biochem. J., 119(2), 331-338 (1970)... 

N18 Nievel, J. G. Transport and incorporation of labelled orotate into ribonucleic acid isolated rat liver perfused with actinomycin D. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 3, 1239-1241 (1975)... 

W13 Wilkinson, D. S., Cihak, A. and Pitot, H. C. Inhibition of ribosomal ribonucleic acid maturation in rat liver by 5-fluoroorotic acid resulting in the selective labeling of cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleic acid. J. Biol. Chem., 246, 6418-6427 (1971)... 

Historically, carbamyl aspartate was recognized as a likely intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis because (a) this compound is an assembly of two elementary precursors of the pyrimidine ring, (b) carbamyl aspartate would satisfy the nutritional requirement of L. bvlgaricus 09 for orotate, and (c) labeled carbamyl aspartate was incorporated into ribonucleic acid pyrimidines in L. bulgaricus and, as well, served as an orotate precursor in liver slice trapping experiments such as those mentioned above. 

Fig. 26. Cleavage of ribonucleic acid by ribonuclease (vertical lines labeled R) and snake venom 5 -phosphodiesterase (broken lines labeled V). P represents phosphate linking 3 and 5 positions of adjacent nucleotides.

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