Ribonucleic acid components

Yukioka, M., Hatayama, T, Morisawa, S., Affinity labeling of the ribonucleic acid component adjacent to the peptidyl recognition center of peptidyl transferase in Escherichia coU ribosomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1975, 390, 192-208. 

Although the RNA world presumably existed almost four billion years ago, X-ray-structures of the ribosome seem to exhibit fragments of this ancestral era. The structures revealed that RNA-mediated catalysis plays an important role in the peptide synthesis of the ribosome. The key step in translation is catalysed only by the ribonucleic acid component of the ribosome, without any direct contribution of proteins from the spatial vicinity. That impressively demonstrates the catalytic potential of RNA in a biochemical reaction that may arguably be called the most important ever. 

Bonar, R. a., Sverak, L., Bolognesi, D. P., Langlois, A. J., Beard, D., Beard, J. W. Ribonucleic acid components of BAI strain A (myeloblastosis) avian tumor virus. Cancer Res. 27, I138-II57 (1967). 

Section 28 7 Nucleic acids are polynucleotides present m cells The carbohydrate component is D nbose m ribonucleic acid (RNA) and 2 deoxy d ribose m deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)... 

Benzylamine Purine. The purine 6-benzylaminopurine [1214-39-7] (13) is an analogue of the natural product adenine, a component of both deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. It is not employed alone, but rather in combination with the natural products GA and GA to improve the size, weight, and thereby, yield per hm of Red DeHcious apples (10,24,25). Compounds with cytokinin activity were reported in 1913 (26) and asymmetric growth in apples was pubHshed in 1968 (27). 

Nucleic Acids. Phosphoms is an essential component of nucleic acids, polymers consisting of chains of nucleosides, a sugar plus a nitrogenous base, and joined by phosphate groups (43,44). In ribonucleic acid (RNA), the sugar is D-ribose in deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), the sugar is 2-deoxy-D-ribose. 

Among the aldopentoses, D-ribose is a component of many biologically important substances, most notably the ribonucleic acids, and D-xylose is very abundant and is isolated by hydrolysis of the polysaccharides present in corncobs and the wood of trees. 

As is well-known, nucleic acids consist of a polymeric chain of monotonously reiterating molecules of phosphoric acid and a sugar. In ribonucleic acid, the sugar component is represented by n-ribose, in deoxyribonucleic acid by D-2-deoxyribose. To this chain pyrimidine and purine derivatives are bound at the sugar moieties, these derivatives being conventionally, even if inaccurately, termed as pyrimidine and purine bases. The bases in question are uracil (in ribonucleic acids) or thymine (in deoxyribonucleic acids), cytosine, adenine, guanine, in some cases 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcyto-sine. In addition to these, a number of the so-called odd bases occurring in small amounts in some ribonucleic acid fractions have been isolated. 

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which carry embedded in their complex molecules the genetic information that characterizes every organism, are found in virtually all living cells. Their molecules are very large and complex biopolymers made up basically of monomeric units known as nucleotides. Thus DNA and RNA are said to be polynucleotides. The nucleotides are made up of three bonded (linked) components a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups ... 

The C-nucleosides are a group of C-glycosylated heterocycles in which the anomeric carbon atom is attached to the heterocycle by a C-C bond. For a number of years after its discovery, pseudouridine1 (1) was the only representative of this class of compound it is found as a minor component in various transfer ribonucleic acids.2 Since 1959, a number of other C-nucleosides have been isolated in rapid succession, mainly from fermentation sources, and have been found to exhibit a variety of interesting biological properties.3 Thus, pyraz-... 

Three major components in the transmission of genetic information are deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), ribonucleic acids (RNA), and proteins. The genetic code expressed through DNA ultimately determines which proteins a cell will produce. Coiled and supercoiled DNA molecules contain numerous sequences of nucleotides that may be transcribed as RNAs and translated to many different proteins. DNA molecules also contain long sequences of nucleotides not coding for protein and whose purpose is not completely understood. A gene is a specific sequence of DNA that encodes a sequence of messenger... 

Nature has exploited ribose derivatives for a number of cmcially significant biochemicals. Many of these contain a heterocyclic base attached to the P-anomeric position of o-ribofuranose, and are termed nucleosides. Adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, and uridine are fundamental components of ribonucleic acids (RNA see Section 14.1),... 

The nucleic acids play a central role in the storage and expression of genetic information (see p. 236). They are divided into two major classes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) functions solely in information storage, while ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are involved in most steps of gene expression and protein biosynthesis. All nucleic acids are made up from nucleotide components, which in turn consist of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate residue. DNA and RNA differ from one another in the type of the sugar and in one of the bases that they contain. 

Polynucleotides consisting of ribonucleotide components are called ribonucleic acid (RNA), while those consisting of deoxyribonu-cleotide monomers are called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA see p. 84). To describe the structure of polynucleotides, the abbreviations for the nucleoside components are written from left to right in the 5 - 3 direction. The position of the phosphate residue is also sometimes indicated by a p . In this way, the structure of the RNA segment shown Fig. 2 can be abbreviated as. .pUpG.. or simply as... 

Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are polymers consisting of nucleoside phosphate components that are linked by phosphoric acid diester bonds (see p.80). The bases the contain are mainly uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine, but many unusual and modified bases are also found in RNAs (B). 

FIGURE 7-1 Representative monosaccharides, (a) Two trioses, an aldose and a ketose. The carbonyl group in each is shaded, (b) Two common hexoses. (c) The pentose components of nucleic acids. D-Ribose is a component of ribonucleic acid (RNA), and 2-deoxy-o-ribose is a component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). 

Nucleotides have a variety of roles in cellular metabolism. They are the energy currency in metabolic transactions, the essential chemical links in the response of cells to hormones and other extracellular stimuli, and the structural components of an array of enzyme cofactors and metabolic intermediates. And, last but certainly not least, they are the constituents of nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (ENA), the molecular repositories of genetic information. The structure of every protein, and ultimately of every biomolecule and cellular component, is a product of information programmed into the nucleotide sequence of a cell s nucleic acids. The ability to store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next is a fundamental condition for life. 

A typical molecular analysis of various micro-organisms is shown in Table 5.9U ) Most of the elemental composition of cells is found in three basic types of materials—proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. In Table 5.10, the molecular composi-tion of a bacterium is shown in more detail. Water is the major component of the cell and accounts for 80-90 per cent of the total weight, whilst proteins form the next most abundant group of materials and these have both structural and functional properties. Most of the protein present will be in the form of enzymes. Nucleic acids are found in various forms—ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Their primary function is the storage, transmission and... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the most important molecule in living cells and contains all of the information that specifies the cell. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are macromolecules that are linear polymers built up from simple subunits, nucleotides.3 The monomeric unit, nucleotide, has the following three components Figure 7.1 ... 

The term nucleoside was originally proposed by Levene and Jacobs in 1909 for the carbohydrate derivatives of purines (and, later, of pyrimidines) isolated from the alkaline hydrolyzates of yeast nucleic acid. The phosphate esters of nucleosides are the nucleotides, which, in polymerized forms, constitute the nucleic acids of all cells.2 The sugar moieties of nucleosides derived from the nucleic acids have been shown, thus far, to be either D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-eri/fAro-pentose ( 2-deoxy-D-ribose ). The ribo-nucleosides are constituents of ribonucleic acids, which occur mainly in the cell cytoplasm whereas 2-deoxyribo -nucleosides are components of deoxypentonucleic acids, which are localized in the cell nucleus.3 The nucleic acids are not limited (in occurrence) to cellular components. They have also been found to be important constituents of plant and animal viruses. 

Of these pyrimidines, uracil and cytosine are constituents of ribonucleic acid, whereas thymine and cytosine are components of deoxyribonucleic acid. It was generally accepted that these nitrogenous heterocycles were the only pyrimidine components of the nucleic acids. The possibility that the nucleic acids might contain moieties other than those described had been voiced by Gulland,26 Chargaff and Vischer,27 and Davidson.28 The... 

Thymine and 5-methylcytosine, at first found only as components of deoxyribonucleic acid, have since been discovered in the ribonucleic acid fraction derived from certain microorganisms.42,43 [Uracil, on the other hand, previously demonstrated as a constituent of ribonucleic acid only, has been obtained, as a deoxynucleoside, from an enzymic hydrolyzate of a commercial sample of herring-sperm deoxyribonucleic acid.44 However, this... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material such that the information to make all the functional macromolecules of the cell is preserved in DNA (Sinden, 1994). Ribonucleic acids occur in three functionally different classes messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA) (Simons and Grun-berg-Manago, 1997). Messenger RNA serves to carry the information encoded from DNA to the sites of protein synthesis in the cell where this information is translated into a polypeptide sequence. Ribosomal RNA is the component of ribosome which serves as the site of protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as a carrier of amino acid residues for protein synthesis. Amino acids are attached as aminoacyl esters to the 3 -termini of the tRNA to form aminoacyl-tRNA, which is the substrate for protein biosynthesis. 

An organism s genome is the complete set of genetic instructions, passed from one generation to the next. The genome consists of a set of instructions for building each of the components of a living cell or virus. The information is found in nucleic acids usually deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), but sometimes ribonucleic acid (RNA). 

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