Proliferative retinopathy

Heparin may prevent postoperative fibrin formation in eyes undergoing surgery for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretino-pathy, and glaucoma filtration surgery. 

Figure 12.1 (a) Diabetic microangiopathy pre-proliferative retinopathy, (b) Diabetic microangiopathy glomerular disruption and degeneration In diabetic nephropathy. 

CAT-152 scFv TGFp2/Glaucoma surgery, proliferative vitreo retinopathy http //www.catplc.co.uk... 

Exercise is an essential yet neglected aspect of treatment for type 2 diabetes especially in its early stages where insulin resistance may predominate. Accumulation of at least 30 0 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days of the week is recommended. For type 1 diabetes the emphasis must be on adjusting the therapeutic regimen to allow safe sports participation to prevent precipitation of ketoacidosis or hypoglycaemia. Extra care is required in cases with known complications like proliferative retinopathy, nephropathy, foot ulcers and cardiac or peripheral vascular disease. 

Patel B, Hiscott P, Chatteris D, Mather J, McLeod D, Boulton M 1994 Retinal and preretinal localisation of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and their receptor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 78 714—718 Pittendrigh CS 1993 Temporal organization reflections of a Darwinian clock-watcher. jAnnu... 

J.S. Rinkoff, E. de Juan Jr, B.W. Me Cuen, Silicone oil of retinal detachment with advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy following failed vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 101 (1986) 181-186. 

K. Heimann, B. Dalh, S. Dimopoulos, K.D. Lemmen, Pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 227 (1989) 152-156. 

Another complication of diabetes is blindness, which is due to blood vessel damage at the back of the eye (proliferative retinopathy), this accounts for about 12% of all blindness. In hyperglycemia, fructose is only slowly metabolized, and sorbitol accumulates in tissues. Because aldose reductase is found in kidneys, optic nerve, and peripheral neurons, retinopathy and painful neuropathies develop in poorly controlled or long-standing diabetes as a result of sugar alcohol (sorbitol) accumulation. Aldose reductase inhibitors, such as tokestat (5.129) or sorbinil (5.130), have been evaluated as agents to ameliorate these additional symptoms of diabetes. 

Rosenlund EF, Haakens K, Brinchmann-Hansen O, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Hanssen KF. Transient proliferative diabetic retinopathy during intensified insulin treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 1988 105(6) 618-25. 

Kitzmiller JL, Main E, Ward B, Theiss T, Peterson DL. Insulin lispro and the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. Diabetes Care 1999 22(5) 874-6. 

An obese 31-year-old man developed non-proliferative retinopathy and macular edema with reduced visual acuity after 14 months therapy, which improved after somatropin was withdrawn. 

Adamis AP, Miller JW, Bernal MT, Damico DJ, Folkman J, Yeo TK, Yeo KT. 1994. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 118 445-450. 

Spaide RF, Fisher YL. Intravitreal hevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by vitreous hemorrhage. Retina 2006, 26, 275-278. 

Pathologic neovascularization of the retina is central to several debilitating ocular diseases including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Diabetic retinopathy (primarily retinal NV) and the wet form of AMD (primarily choroidal NY) are the leading causes of blindness in developed countries. 

Effective, long lasting treatment of retinal neovascular disorders, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative AMD, remains one of the greatest challenges in ophthalmology today. The number of individuals suffering from diabetes has... 

Patients presenting poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and proliferative retinopathy as well as patients presenting evidence of malignant disorder during the past five years. 

Sekine et al391 have determined urinary pentosidine and pyrraline in 75 diabetic (retinopathy none 21, simple 26, proliferative 28), 50 nephropathic (diabetic 24), and 22 control volunteers. Urinary pentosidine was increased in diabetic patients, the proliferative retinopathy group giving the highest levels. However, urinary pyrraline did not increase. There was good correlation between the pentosidine levels in urine... 

Disorders of the posterior segment of the eye are particularly difficult to treat. The efficient clearance mechanisms at the front of the eye reduce the concentrations of drug able to diffuse to the back of the eye. Futhermore, many of these disorders are chronic conditions, requiring continuous therapy. The diseases of the back of the eye include Cytomeaglovirus retinits (CMVR), Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), diabetic retinopathy, age-rated macular degeneration, endophthalmitis and retinitis pigmentosa. 

Two years ago she developed hypertension, which was treated with ben-droflumethiazide, 5mg daily. At that time, her blood urea level was 8.2 mmol/L, serum creatinine was 80 pmol/L, and dipstick urinalysis was negative for protein. She was also noted to have non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and given a course of laser treatment. 

Proliferative retinopathy (e.g., proliferative stage of sickle cell, diabetes, retinal vein occlusion)... 

The use of intravitreal corticosteroids is presently being explored in the treatment options of exudative macular degeneration and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The rational fc>r their use stems from the feet that corticosteroids as a drug class represent one of the most... 

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is either focal or diffuse. As the severity of overall retinopathy increases, so does the proportion of eyes with macular edema. In a review, 3% of eyes with mild nonproliferative retinopathy had DME, 38% of eyes with moderate to severe non-prolif-erative retinopathy had DME, and 71% of eyes with proliferative changes had DME. In patients with diabetic retinopathy, CME usually occurs after long-standing DME. 

Matrix Metalloproteases. Matrix metal-loproteases (MMPs) are a large and diverse family of zinc endoproteases. Several members of this family (such as the collagenases and the stromelysins) are thought to have important roles in proliferative diseases, including arthritis, retinopathy, and metastatic in-... 

Compound (53)was developed at Agouron through use of SBDD (125) and is under clinical investigation by Pfizer as an anticancer drug and as a treatment of proliferative retinopathy. Compound (54) is a stromelysin inhibitor discovered at Novartis (126), without explicit structural guidance. However, the lead molecule from which (54) was developed was originally obtained by X-ray structure-... 

Factors that mimic glaucomatous visual field loss include branch retinal artery occlusion chorioretinal scars retinal areas treated by photocoagulafion or cryotherapy demyelin-afing disorders cerebrovascular accidents, tumors, or other lesions affecting the optic nerve, chiasm, optic tract, optic radiation, ancPor the remaining course of nerve fibers to the occipital cortex. Other abnormalities that could account for pseudo-glaucomatous visual field defects or vision loss include vitreous hemorrhage, proliferative retinopathy or other retinal disorders. 

Collier A, Tymkewycz P, Armstrong R, Young RJ, Jones RL, Oarice BF. Increased platelet thromboxane receptor sensitivity in diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy. Diabetologia 1986 29 471-4... 

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