Vehicle restraint systems

The basic idea of the airbag as a passive restraint system in a motor vehicle was already patented for the first time in Germany in 1951. 

GOA Glossary of Automotive Inflatable Restraint Systems Surface Vehicle Information... 

SVO SAE Vehicle Occupant Restraint Systems and Components Standards Manual ... 

The relationship between injury criteria and the mechanics of restraint systems are important to insure the safety of wheelchair users in motor vehicles. Hip and head deflection are often used criteria for determining potential injury. The automotive industry has invested considerable effort for research and development to protect vehicle passengers. Research is not nearly extensive for the passenger who remains seated in a wheelchair while traveling. Many wheelchair and occupant restraint systems copy the designs used for standard automobile seats. However, this type of design may not be appropriate. 

In engineering,pflsvzvc controls are those that maintain safety by their presence— basically, the system fails into a safe state or simple interlocks are used to limit the interactions among system components to safe ones. Some examples of passive controls that maintain safety by their presence are shields or barriers such as containment vessels, safety harnesses, hardhats, passive restraint systems in vehicles, and fences. Passive controls may also rely on physical principles, such as gravity, to fail into a safe state. An example is an old railway semaphore that used weights... 

We can classify vehicle crashworthiness analysis into two categories vehicle structural analysis, and occupant injury analysis. The structural analysis studies how the vehicle structure absorbs the energy of the crash to bring the vehicle from motion to rest. The result of the structural analysis is an acceleration history of the occupant compartment. Contrariwise occupant injury analysis quantifies how the occupant interacts with the restraint system when exposed to specified acceleration history. Then the acceleration history (the crash pulse) coimects the structural analysis to the occupant injmy analysis. 

One ofthe essential characteristic of avehicle structural response in crash testing represents the crash pulse. The substance of the crash response depends on the mass, structural stiffriess, damping at the location of crash, and on interactions from neighboring components. The aim of crash pulse analysis consists in affecting vehicle structural design to decrease the risk of occupant injury. Two approaches are usually used to solve this task. In the first approach the crash pulse is assumed to be fixed and the restraint systems are designed to protect occupants subject to that pulse. 

Conversely in the second one the restraint systems is assumed to be fixed and the structure of the vehicle is shaped to change the crash pulse to minimize the risk of occupant injury. In recent years a lot of studies arose in the field of the crash pulse analysis. We provide here short review some of them. 

A type of vehicle restraint system that consists of inflatable bags monnted in the interior of a vehicle that automatically inflate npon a collision to protect the occn-pants from injury. They are designed for frontal impact crashes. This type of crash accounts for more than half of all passenger vehicle occupant deaths. Air bags are designed to limit head and chest injnries. They are considered only supplemental to safety belts they do not replace them. 

A protective system fitted to a vehicle that automatically moves the seat belt restraint system from its storage location to its protection location, i.e., over the shoulder of an individual, to ensure that the seat beat is worn and assist in protecting the individual... 

Take care in wet or icy weather, particularly on sloping pavements, as wheelchairs tend to slide to the lowest point. Lack of maintenance or poor maintenance can lead to the wear or failure of components that may cause the wheelchair or the user to change position unexpectedly. This could lead to the user falling from the wheelchair or tipping over with the wheelchair. Adhere to manufacturer s maintenance instructions. Always use a qualified technician to service or repair the wheelchair. If the wheelchair is approved by the manufacturer for transportation of a seated person in a vehicle, make sure that you use the wheelchair tie-down and occupant restraint system specified by the manufacturer. If using large public buses or trains, use the dedicated wheelchair space and any restraint systems provided. 

After the vehicle restraint system is in place, the next item to install and check is the dockboard. This metal plate makes a ramp between the warehouse floor and the trailer floor. After installation of the dockboard, the operator should check it to make sure it is square with the trailer and overlaps both the trailer and the loading dock suflSciently to support the forklift. 

Vehicle restraint systems such as safety fence and crash cushions are designed to minimise the severity of an accident when an errant vehicle leaves the carriageway rather than preventing an accident happening. 

Instead of introducing road restraint systems to minimise the severity of an accident involving a vehicle striking street furniture (such as signposts and lighting columns), the street furniture itself can be made passively safe. 

Wech, L. and U. W. Seiffert. 2007. Automotive Safety Handbook, 2nd ed. Warrendale, PA SAE International. Covers both active and passive safety systems and addresses accident avoidance, occupant protection, biomechanics, and the interrelationships among the occupant, the vehicle, and the restraint system. 

An advanced detailed non-hnear computation model of the mobile antinoise wall has been used. The computation model of the motorcar has been selected from the database of test vehicle models. The analysis has been carried out using a specially developed procedure. Fulfilling certain specified criteria, the computer analysis substitutes the actual impact test of the vehicle crashing into the restraint system. Following the results of computations, the construction details of the mobile noise damping wall structure have been properly modified. Advanced is a method of global sensitivity analysis that allows us to analyze the higher order interaction effects. 

Association between Occupant Restraint Systems Mid Risk of Injury in Frontal Motor Vehicle Collisions. J. Trauma-InJ. Infection Critic. Care. 54(6), 1182-1187. 

Development of a Guideline for the Selection of Vehicle Restraint Systems - Identification of the Key Selection Parameters... 

To reduce the severity of ROR crashes, forgiving roadsides need to be designed, and this includes identifying where there is a need for a vehicle restraint system (VRS) and what appropriate VRS should be selected for the specific location and traffic condition... 

To allow for the development of a nniform guideline for selecting the most appropriate VRS performance requirements for the given conditions, a number of the Conference of Enropean Directors of Road (CEDR) members have collaborated to fund the research project Selection of Appropriate Vehicle Restraint Systems (SAVeRS) within the 2012 Transnational Road Research Programme call Safety . The aim of the SAVeRS project is to produce a practical and readily understandable VRS guidance document and a user-friendly Web-based tool that will allow the selection of the most appropriate solution in different road and traffic configurations for all types of VRS safety barriers, crash cushions, terminals and transitions and motorcycle protection devices. 

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