Response to stimulus

Reiz, m. irritation excitation irritant stimulus excitement charm, attraction, grace, reizbar, a. irritable, sensitive. Reizbeantwortung, /. response to stimulus, reizen, v.t. irritate, stimulate, excite charm, attract, allure. 

Total circulating red blood cell volume was calculated from experimentally determined values for mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (2) and the model predictions of total circulating hemoglobin. In response to stimulus, MCH is assumed to remain constant while MCV changes from the control value to a steady-state value (predetermined from the data) in a linear manner during the first 5 days of stimulus. 

Electroactive textiles with the ability to control porosity (e.g., from. 5 nm to 10 pm) in response to stimulus... 

Basic information about white blood cell biology can be found in the book by Alberts et al. [ 1989]. A more thorough review of white blood cell structure and response to stimulus can be found in two reviews by T.P. Stossel, one entitled, The mechanical response of white blood cells, in the book. Inflammation Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates, editedhy].I. Galin et al. Raven Press, New York, 1988, pp. 325-342, and the second entitled, The molecular basis of white blood cell motility, in the book. The Molecular Basis of Blood Diseases, edited by G. Stamatoyannopoulos et al, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1994, pp. 541-562. The most recent advances in white cell rheology can be found in the book. Cell Mechanics and Cellular Engineering, edited by Van C. Mow et al.. Springer Verlag, New York, 1994. 

LAs interact with acidic and lipophilic structures within the Na+ channels in the membranes of nerves, blocking the normal influx of Na ions into response to stimulus. 

The odor detection-threshold values of organic compounds, water, and mineral oil have been determined by different investigators (Table 2 and 3) and may vary by as much as 1000, depending on the test methods, because human senses are not invariable in their sensitivity. Human senses are subject to adaption, ie, reduced sensitivity after prolonged response to a stimulus, and habituation, ie, reduced attention to monotonous stimulation. The values give approximate magnitudes and are significant when the same techiriques for evaluation are used. Since 1952, the chemistry of odorous materials has been the subject of intense research (43). Many new compounds have been identified in natural products (37—40,42,44—50) and find use in flavors. 

When considering light of a certain spectral energy distribution falling on an object with a given spectral reflectance and perceived by an eye with its own spectral response, to obtain the perceived color stimulus it is necessary to multiply these factors together as ia Eigure 6. Standards are clearly required for both the observer and the illuminant. 

The ability to reduce stimulus-response mechanisms to single mono tonic functions allows relative cellular response to yield receptor-specific drug parameters. 

The operational model, as presented, shows dose-response curves with slopes of unity. This pertains specifically only to stimulus-response cascades where there is no cooperativity and the relationship between stimulus ([AR] complex) and overall response is controlled by a hyperbolic function with slope = 1. In practice, it is known that there are experimental dose-response curves with slopes that are not equal to unity and there is no a priori reason for there not to be cooperativity in the stimulus-response process. To accommodate the fitting of real data (with slopes not equal to unity) and the occurrence of stimulus-response cooperativity, a form of the operational model equation can be used with a variable slope (see Section 3.13.4) ... 

The first idea to consider is the effect of receptor density on sensitivity of a functional system to agonists. Clearly, if quanta of stimulus are delivered to the stimulus-response mechanism of a cell per activated receptor the amount of the total stimulus will be directly proportional to the number of receptors activated. Figure 5.8 shows Gi-protein-mediated responses of melanophores transiently transfected with cDNA for human neuropeptide Y-l receptors. As can be seen from this figure, increasing receptor expression (transfection with increasing concentrations of receptor cDNA) causes an increased potency and maximal response to the neuropeptide Y agonist PYY. 

The response to an agonist [A] in terms of the classical model is given as a function of stimulus, which is... 

Stimulus, this is quanta of initial stimulation given to the receptor by the agonist. There are no units to stimulus and it is always utilized as a ratio quantity comparing two or more agonists. Stimulus is not an observable response but is processed by the cell to yield a measurable response. 

AKAPs are a diverse family of about 75 scaffolding proteins. They are defined by the presence of a structurally conserved protein kinase A (PKA)-binding domain. AKAPs tether PKA and other signalling proteins to cellular compartments and thereby limit and integrate cellular signalling processes at specific sites. This compartmentalization of signalling by AKAPs contributes to the specificity of a cellular response to a given external stimulus (e.g. a particular hormone or neurotransmitter). 

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