Respiratory physiology anatomical

Having discussed relevant aspects of lung and airway structure that may influence the efficacy of aerosol therapy, it is important that we consider the potential impact of differences in respiratory function between individuals as a result of age, maturity, or clinical status. Particular problems may be encountered in delivering drugs to the respiratory tract of young children as a result of anatomic and physiological variations due to age (198). The most relevant aspects of respiratory physiology with respect to aerosol therapy include the... 

For substances with local effects on the respiratory tract, no general approach for interspecies scaling can be given. Anatomical and physiological differences in the airways between experimental animals and humans contribute to interspecies differences in local effects observed between animals and humans, see Section 4.7.8. It should be noted, however, that for local effects the determining factor for effects to occur in the respiratory tract is generally the concentration of the chemical in the air rather than the total dose and thus allometric scaling is not relevant. 

Comparative Toxicokinetics. Available data Ifom ehronic rat inhalation bioassays show similar asbestos-induced respiratory effects to those in humans assoeiated with oeeupational exposure to asbestos (pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, and pleural mesothelioma), but the use of the rat data to predict human health risks from exposure to airborne asbestos has a number of areas of uneertainty, including those associated with interspecies differences in lifespan, airway morphometry, and breathing patterns. The development of rat and human lung retention models that incorporate species differences in anatomical and physiological parameters influencing deposition and clearance of asbestos fibers may decrease the... 

Ckin, the most expansive human organ, envelops the entire surface of the body such that its epithelium is continuous with the epithelia of the external orifices of the digestive, sweat, sebaceous, respiratory, and urinogenic systems. As a result of its anatomical location, the skin functions as the physical interface between the body tissues and the environment. The physiological functions of the skin are protection, containment, and thermoregulation. 

Since the human respiratory tract is anatomically and physiologically a very heterogeneous system, the rate and extent of absorption of macromolecules as well as their potential adverse reactions depend on the regional doses. The most convenient method to deliver drugs to the respiratory tract is by inhalation. Other methods of delivery such as intratracheal instillation are used in experimental settings but are generally unsuitable for real-life therapeutic products. This section... 

Haxhiu, M. A., Mack, S. O., Wilson, C. G., Feng, P., and Strohl, K. P, (2003). Sleep networks and the anatomic and physiologic connections with respiratory control. Fro/itiers Biosci 8,946-962. 

Spread of pathogenic microorganisms from patient to patient via healthcare personnel hand contact can take a variety of forms [10], It can be hand-to-hand contact, such as shaking hands. Often, the contaminating bacteria are respiratory or gastrointestinal in origin, but not exclusively. Most anatomical sites subsequently examined, particularly if they are anatomically or physiologically compromised, can become a spread site. 

Several studies have shown that changes in Penh and respiratory resistance sometimes do not correlate (Adler et al. 2004 DeLorme and Moss 2002 Handle et al. 2003). Investigators have presented mathematical and theoretical arguments that the WBP waveform and parameters derived from Penh are dominated by conditioning, primarily related to ventilatory timing and unrelated to airway resistance (Lundblad et al. 2002 Mitzner and Tankersley 2003) however, it may be the nature of the restrictive changes anatomically and physiologically that limit the sensitivity and specificity of the Penh analysis. 

Quantitative studies of human respiratory uptake, for obvious reasons, have been confined to chamber and other studies of relatively healthy adult volunteers. Assessments of children s respiratory Pb uptakes have been confined to modeling approaches using parameters for anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics as the basis for distinctions. Overall, all Pb deposited... 

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