Respirators testing

Hanstveit R (2003a) Trichloromethylstannane (CAS 993-16-8) Determination of the ready biodegradability in a manometric respiration test Delft, TNO, September (Repert Ne. V2492/01). 

Hanstveit R (2003f) Determination of the ready biodegradability of dichlorodioctylstannane in a manometric respiration test. 

Davis, G. B., Johnston, C. D., Patterson, B. M., Bucer, C. and Dennett, M., 1988, Estimation of Biodegradation Rates Using Respiration Tests during In-Situ Bioremediation of Weathered Diesel NAPL Ground Water Monitoring Remediation, Spring, pp. 122-132. 

Sometimes the risk of waste is estimated on the basis of nutrient cycling tests. As a rule such investigation is carried out for surface waste disposal or its land application. The carbon cycle is very sensitive to harmful compounds. Soil respiration is considered a useful indicator of the contaminants effects on soil microbial activity [56-59]. The production of carbon dioxide can be followed as short-term and long-term respiration tests. 

Hinchee, R. E. Ong, S. K. (1992). A rapid in situ respiration test for measuring aerobic biodegradation rates of hydrocarbons in so s. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 42, 1303-12. 

For military training operations, respirator testing and enemy denial and dispersion use hostage and siege situations civilian peacekeeping... 

The respiration test can be either static (closed bottle) or continuous (air supplying). The advantage of static systems is that there are few risks of leakage and the set-up is fairly simple,but these tests use a destructive process which implies problems of reproducibility and of dimensions. For instance, in the OECD 301F test, 20 bottles are necessary to assess the biodegradability of only one material. On the other hand, the advantage of continuous systems is that they are nondestructive, a kinetic study is possible and it is possible to automate the measurement. However, the set-up is complex and leakage is possible. 

Whatever the operating mode, each respiration test requires several individual measurement units working in parallel. Each unit always includes a bioreactor and a measurement or trapping system for the criterion of interest, either C02 or 02. Several parallel units are required to test not only the material sample,but also to control the viability of the microorganisms, inherent carbon dioxide production, inhibition, etc. 

Figure 14.10. Diagram of a manometric respiration test according to the norm ISO/DIS 17556.2...

C) Specific make, model, style, and size of respirator tested ... 

If an individual does not pass a fit test, he or she may re-don the same facepiece and try again. If the employee is still unable to pass the fit test, then a different facepiece model or size should be selected and fit tested. At the completion of the fit test, document results in the form of a fit test record. Each fit test record should include the employee s name or identification, type of fit test conducted, specific respirator tested, date of the test, and the fit test result. According to OSHA, employers should retain fit test records until the individual s next fit test. 

When we talk about ecosystems, rather complex entities of different trophic levels and a manifold of interacting organisms are meant, plants as well as microbes and animals. Of course, it is impossible to investigate a complex ecosystem in total by means of calorimetry, but only isolated members of it without connection to the rest of their environment. In this sense, all the calorimetric determinations -direct, indirect or by combustion - are just first approximations to a full energetic picture of the system. Nevertheless, separated animals may be used to monitor changes in the system or influences by xenobiotic substances or pollutions. Again, direct calorimetry renders a more comprehensive description because aerobic plus anaerobic metabolism is determined while the latter is lost in respiration tests. 

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