Resource dependence theory

The theoretical literature on supply chain collaboration is diversified representing multiple perspectives. The diverse literature reflects the versatile nature of supply chain collaboration involving a variety of motives and objectives (Barringer and Harrison 2000 Hitt 2011 Verdecho et al. 2012 Fawcett et al. 2012). This study examines supply chain collaboration from multiple perspectives (1) technical-economic perspective, e.g. uncertainty reduction, transaction cost economics, resource based view, relational view, and extended resource based view (2) sociopolitical perspective, e.g. resource dependence theory, social exchange theory, and social dilemma theory (3) trust based rationalism and (4) learning and knowledge perspective. These multiple perspectives provide us with insights into the nature, forms, contents, and forces of supply chain collaboration. 

Resource dependence theory (RDT) argues that firms must exchange with their environments to gain resources (Scott 1987). It centers solely on resources that must be acquired from external sources for a firm to survive or thrive (Barringer and Harrison 2000). The need for external resources makes firms depend on others. 

Collaborative culture is considered as another important antecedent variable with four subcomponents collectivism, long term orientation, power symmetry, and uncertainty avoidance. Collectivism and long term orientation are identified based on trust based rationalism. Power symmetry is viewed from resource dependence theory and social exchange theory. Uncertainty avoidance is evaluated based on transaction cost economics. 

Fourth, this research has provided a theoretical framework that identifies characteristics, antecedents, and consequences of lOS enabled supply chain collaboration. The conceptual model was built based on the review of a wide range of literature, incorporating appropriate features of interorganizational models from different perspectives (i.e., transaction cost economics, resource-based view, resource dependence theory, social exchange theory, trust-based rationalism, and knowledge perspective). By blending multiple theoretical perspectives, a full-round picture of supply chain collaboration has been painted. The framework has provided a foundation for future research. The framework can be used to study both collaboration formation and ongoing collaboration evaluation and maintenance to further enrich the collaboration theory. 

Himt, S., Morgan, R. (1996). The resource-advantage theory of competition Dynamics, path dependencies, and evolutionary dimensions. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 107-114. 

Morphological plasticity and cellular acclimation When plants are exposed to stress as a consequence of resource depletion or climatic fluctuation, many different responses are possible depending upon the species and the nature and severity of the stress. However, as Bradshaw (1965) recognised, stress responses can be classified into two basic types, one of which is morphological and the other physiological. One of the major uses of plant strategy theory is to provide a basis for predicting which of the two mechanisms is likely to be operative in particular species, populations and situations. 

For gas targets (atomic and molecular) the theory yields quite reasonable predictions of proton stopping cross sections as compared with experiment. Moreover, since chemical binding effects are naturally incorporated in the theory, the construction of tables of the velocity-dependence of CAB contributions to 5 for different compounds allows - once and for all - the estimate of 5 for protons in materials with similar CAB components without resource to Bragg s additivity rule. 

Could regulators conduct their own audits, not depending upon validation by laboratories In theory that strategy could be successful, but two problems stand in the way. First, resources, including time and expertise, permit only a very cursory spot check on compliance. Those limited resources are much better spent in reviewing comprehensive validation reports than in conducting very limited tests of system performance and compliance. 

In an agrarian society with a low income potential, the handling of one s own resources and the degree of dependency on peripheral systems play a significant role. Based on the differentiation theory (Schimank, 2000) the farming systems can be evaluated according to the following characteristics ... 

To some extent, a disciplinary divide is at work here, as probabilistic models derived from population biology and selection theory differ fundamentally from engineering models, which depend on. .. the surface area of isometric bodies, or the structure of branching networks (McNab, 2002, p. 35). This divide entails differences not only in analytic approach, but also in evaluative criteria that have both polarized the dispute and made it difficult to resolve empirically. However, my point is that these tensions do not require a forced choice between explanatory accounts, which are not intrinsically irreconcilable. Internal constraints may fix the allometric baseline, which selection may modify under certain circumstances. One of the postulates of West and co-workers model is that organisms evolve toward an optimal state in which the energy required for resource distribution is minimized (West and Brown, 2004, p. 38). Toward is the key word here, and the extent to which evolution attains any particular optimality target often reflects compromise with other selective demands physical first principles may constrain what is optimal, but do not always determine what is actual. 

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