Resistant bacteria prevalence

Guardabassi L, Lo Fo Wong DM, Dalsgaard A (2002) The effects of tertiary waste water treatment on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Water Res 36(8) 1955-1964... 

Constant monitoring of resistance patterns in a hospital or community (changing recommended antibiotics used for empirical treatment when the prevalence of resistance becomes high), and good infection control in hospitals (e.g. isolation of carriers, hand hygiene practices for ward staff) to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria... 

In companion animals, the bacterial infections most frequently requiring treatment involve the skin, wounds, ears, respiratory tract, and urinary tract. Prevalence of resistant bacteria is difficult to assess in pets. Since empirical treatment is common, there is limited information on trends in resistance, and almost no data are available on the magnitude of antimicrobial use in these species. Increasing resistance among E. coli and Staphylococcus isolates from pets has been reported from studies in a number of countries. Methacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been isolated from dogs and horses, although animal outbreaks have generally been traced to infected humans. ... 

The monomeric protein is 38 kDa and contains one FAD. With the increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, MurB is a possible drug target due to its critical role in cell wall biosynthesis. MurB is an essential gene in both E. coli and Bacillus further validating it as a suitable drug target. 

Kanamycin, like neomycin, exerts prominent antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative susceptible strains of bacteria. However, the clinical effectiveness of kanamycin has become obsolete due to the prevalence of aminoglycoside resistant bacteria. (33,34) As one of the antidotes... 

Bacteria have evolved several types of resistance mechanisms to AGs (Section 6.1). AMEs are undoubtedly the most prevalent AG resistance mechanism this mechanism is found in almost all AG-resistant bacteria. Hence, through the years, efforts have been made to develop AG analogs that are not susceptible to deactivation by one or several AMEs [29, 38, 97-99]. Some of the synthetic strategies that have been developed to prepare these AG derivatives have been described in this chapter. In this section, two recently reported and unique approaches to tackle with AME-based AG deactivation are described. 

In recent years multidrug-resistant bacteria have become more prevalent. Infections caused by these pathogens are exceptionally difficult to cure and can be life threatening amongst susceptible populations, including people with compromised immune systems and disorders such as cystic fibrosis. Such infections require novel therapeutics and NHC-metal complexes were shown to... 

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is a major cause of infection in the developed countries, is now resistant to most antibiotics. It is usually present on the skin, where it causes no problems, but it can invade the body through cuts and wounds, including those caused by surgery. These bacteria are now prevalent in many hospitals, so that infection is a major problem for the medical staff in hospitals. The resistant bacterium is known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is also known in the mass media as the super bug . Penicillin kiUs bacteria because the P-lactam group in the antibiotic inhibits a reaction that is essential for bacterial ceU wall production. Consequently, the bacteria cannot proliferate. Resistance to penicillin in many bacteria is due to production of an enzyme, p-lactamase, that degrades P-lactams. The antibiotic methicillin is one of a group of semisynthetic penicillins in which the P-lactam group is not... 

Reasons for the magnitude of the problem being unknown are manifold, but are related to the paucity of national and regional information on antimicrobial drugs use and resistance trends in hospitals and the community. Scarcity of pertinent data complicates attempts to quantify the proportion of resistance problems in humans caused by antimicrobial use in livestock production. Data are even more limited on antimicrobial consumption, antimicrobial use in agriculture, and the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacteria in animals and animal-derived food. 

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