Structure residual

Bond C ], K-B Wong, ] Clarke, A R Ferscht and V Daggett 1997. Characterisation of Residual Structure in the Tliermally Denatured State of Barnase by Simulation and Experiment Description of the Folding Pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94 13409-13413. 

L.E. Murr, Effects of Peak Pressure, Pulse Duration, and Repeated Loading on the Residual Structure and Properties of Shock Deformed Metals and Alloys, in Shock Waves and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Metals (edited by M.A. Meyers and L.E. Murr), Plenum, New York, 1981, 753 pp. 

The first disconnection should be obvious and you might find it helpful to try and recognise a familiar product in the residual structure. 

Although most of the water in the meniscus evaporates once the tip has been retracted, residual structures can be observed in a radius of several tens of micrometers (depending on humidity and contact time) around the original contact point. For the tip radius and loads used in these experiments, the contact radius is approximately 10 A. The residual structures are in the form of flat islands and sometimes droplets. In our first experiments the perturbation created by a brief tip contact was not fuUy appreciated. Accidental tip contacts during approach of the tip to the surface do often occur. In such cases the tip is subsequently moved to an adjacent area, several micrometers away, to study the unperturbed surface. However, as stated already, the perturbed areas can extend over tens of micrometers away from the contact point. Droplets can be observed when the relative humidity is... 

Figure 5. L-Alanine. Fit to noisy data. Calculation A. Distribution of residual structure factor amplitudes at the end of the MaxEnt calculation on 2532 noisy data up to 0.463A. Residuals plotted ... 

It is important to realize that the random-chain model need not imply an absence of residual structure in the unfolded population. Formative articles—many of them appearing on the pages of Advances in Protein Chemistry—recognized this fact. Kauzmann s famous review raised the central question about structure in the unfolded state (Kauzmann, 1959) ... 

Toward a Taxonomy of the Denatured State Small Angle Scattering Studies of Unfolded Proteins by Millett et al. assesses denatured states induced by heat, cold, and solvent for evidence of residual structure, while Insights into the Structure and Dynamics of Unfolded Proteins from NMR by Dyson and Wright describes their extensive investigations of residual structure in the unfolded state. 

A less obvious explanation is that the observed residual structure is not due to attractive interactions, but rather to repulsive ones. The steric repulsion between atoms forced to partially overlap is a dominant, if not the dominant, force in all of chemistry. These highly local interactions are known to be important in polymer conformations (Flory, 1969 Ramachandran and Sasisekharan, 1968). For homopolymers or simple alternating polymers, they can often be safely neglected by assuming they confer no net directionality to the chain. Polypeptide chains, however, are chiral and support specific sequences of 20 differently shaped... 

The cold-denatured state clearly has residual structure in that it is collapsed and exhibits a fairly globular Kratky scattering profile. Truncated, equilibrium unfolded states appear similarly compact (and have been shown by other spectroscopic means to have structure). But what of the highly expanded, urea, GuHCl, or thermally denatured states ... 

Atxl chaperone apoprotein (without copper) shows tertiary structural differences in the loop area containing the cysteine ligand residues. Structural data for the apoprotein are deposited with PDB code 1FES.116... 

NP2. In particular, Tyr82 flips from outside the protein in NP1/NP4, where it contacts bulk solvent, to inside the protein in NP2, where it hydrogen bonds to Glu55 (110). Thus, modeling the NP2 structure based on those of NPl and NP4, and, as is normally done, keeping the invariant residues structurally conserved, would lead to errors. Structures of protein families such as the nitrophorins therefore provide key information for the future improvement of structure prediction and structural genomics. 

Calibration Measurement Residuals Plot (Model Diagnostic) The calibration spectral residuals shown in Figure 5-53 are still structured, but are a factor of 4 smaller than the residuals when temperature was not part of the model Comparing with Figure 5-51, the residuals structure resembles the estimated pure spectrum of temperature. Recall that the calibration spectral residuals are a function of model error as well as errors in the concentration matrix (see Equation 5.18). Either of these errors can cause nonrandom features in the spectral residuals. The temperature measurement is less precise relative to the chemical concentrations and, therefore, the hypothesis is that the structure in the residuals is due to temperature errors rather than an inadequacy in the model. 

About 105 copies per cell of the previously mentioned (Section C,2) larger 325-residue structural protein, OmpA protein,350 after its gene symbol ompA... 

Figure 20-7 Steps in trimming of the oligosaccharide precursor and synthesis of complex N-linked oligosaccharides of mammalian glycoproteins. Sites of action of several inhibitors are shown. Abbrevations M, mannosyl, Gn, N-acetylglucosaminyl, G, glucosyl residues. Structures of several inhibitors are shown.

Fragments of CI2 of increasing length from the N-terminus have been constructed and examined for residual structure in aqueous buffers by NMR and CD spectroscopy.26,27 Interestingly, the a helix does not form to a significant extent... 

A gel is delined as a hydrous metal aluminosilicate prepared from either aqueous solutions, reactive solids, colloidal sols, or reactive aluminosilicates such as the residue structure of metakaolin and glasses. 

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