Research inside sources

Most analytical studies using FT-ICR mass spectrometry, where ions have been produced inside (or just outside) the analyzer cell, have used lasers as ionization sources. Other than some very limited Cs secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) studies [77], most research utilized direct laser desorption to form various organic [78] and inorganic [79] ions, including metal [80] and semiconductor [81] (including carbon) clusters. More recently matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) has been used to form ions of high molecular weight from polymers [82] and many classes of biomolecules [83]. 

This chapter reviews some of the main topics involved in the design and modeling of solar photocatalytic reactors, with particular emphasis on the authors research experience. Solar photons are source of energy that initiates photocatalytic degradation. Thus, proper consideration of radiative processes is key to address this subject. The determination of the directional and spectral characteristics of solar UV radiation, the interaction of the catalyst with radiation inside reaction spaces, the optical design of solar collectors, and the optical properties of the materials involved are all subjects where these concepts are necessary. Therefore, developments in this area should be solidly grounded on the fields of solar collector optics and radiative transfer, besides the more traditional chemical engineering aspects involved. This requires a multidisciplinary approach. 

The second radiation facility was at the Dosimetry Division of Joint Research Centre atlspa-Italy, with the neutron source consisting of americium-beryllium with the following features oxide of metallic Am-Be contained inside a steel capsule 1mm thick (activity of5,994x10 Bq rate neutrons emission of 3.6 x lOV ). 

Nuclear reactors emit 5 x 10 n/s per each MW of the released power. Another important characteristic of such neutron sources is the maximum flux density, the neutron brightness, inside the core or moderator of the reactor. In research reactors, it may reach 10 n/sxcm. In pulsed reactors, even greater brightness can be obtained -10 n/s x cm in pulse -100 ps. Some typical technical characteristics of a small nuclear reactor are capacity -100 MW, protective shell radius -100 cm, after each act of fission goes out of the shell an average -1 n, which corresponds to the brightness -3 x 10 n/s x cm. ... 

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