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Requirements, fossil fuel

Ginning function Energy requirements Fossil fuel equivalents0... [Pg.110]

Although the operation of a pulping process requires energy, modern mills do not require fossil fuel as the source, because all the energy comes from combustion of the compounds (mainly lignin) dissolved during the pulping... [Pg.320]

Isobutyric acid is used in the production of artificial fibres, plastics and herbicides. It is also used as an intermediate in the production of cosmetics and food additives and in the pharmaceutical industry. There are industrialised chemical syntheses to produce isobutyric acid which does require fossil fuels and harmful chemicals. A biotechnological process based on renewable feedstock is more environmentally friendly and ensures in the long view a cost-effective supply of isobutyric acid. [Pg.40]

The use of phosphate and potash fertilizers, both derived from specific sedimentary rocks through mining rocks, have also increased substantially (Table 6.7). Both are produced by the mechanical processing of rock which requires fossil-fuel energy and both generate dust as a pollutant. There is unlikely to be any abatement in fertilizer production/ consumption... [Pg.190]

Location of the system boundaries also is important in the net energy analysis of integrated biomass energy systems. Thus tractors may be used to plant and harvest biomass. The fuel requirements of the tractors are certainly part of E, but is the energy expended in manufacturing the tractors also part of E Some analysts beheve that a complete study should trace all materials of constmction and fossil fuels used back to their original locations in the ground. [Pg.38]

When this reaction was first discovered, a considerably higher (ca 1300°C) temperature was required than that used in the 1990s. Thus, until Haber discovered the appropriate catalyst, this process was not commercially attractive. As of this writing (ca 1995), the process suffers from the requirement for significant quantities of nonrenewable fossil fuels. Although ammonia itself is commonly used as a fertilizer in the United States, elsewhere the ammonia is often converted into soHd or Hquid fertilizers, such as urea (qv), ammonium nitrate or sulfate, and various solutions (see Ammonium COMPOUNDS). [Pg.83]

If possible comparisons are focused on energy systems, nuclear power safety is also estimated to be superior to all electricity generation methods except for natural gas (30). Figure 3 is a plot of that comparison in terms of estimated total deaths to workers and the pubHc and includes deaths associated with secondary processes in the entire fuel cycle. The poorer safety record of the alternatives to nuclear power can be attributed to fataUties in transportation, where comparatively enormous amounts of fossil fuel transport are involved. Continuous or daily refueling of fossil fuel plants is required as compared to refueling a nuclear plant from a few tmckloads only once over a period of one to two years. This disadvantage appHes to solar and wind as well because of the necessary assumption that their backup power in periods of no or Httie wind or sun is from fossil-fuel generation. Now death or serious injury has resulted from radiation exposure from commercial nuclear power plants in the United States (31). [Pg.238]

Vinyl compares favorably to other packaging materials. In 1992, a lifecycle assessment comparison of specific packages made from glass, paperboard, paper, and selected plastics concluded that vinyl was the material that has the lowest production energy and carbon dioxide emissions, as well as the lowest fossil fuel and raw material requirements of the plastics studied (169). Vinyl saves more than 34 million Btu per 1000 pounds manufactured compared to the highest energy-consuming plastic (170). [Pg.509]

Steam engines and steam turbines require steam boilers, which, until the advent of the nuclear reactor, were fired by vegetable or fossil fuels. During most of the nineteenth century, coal was the principal fuel, although some oil was used for steam generation late in the century. [Pg.4]

Unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) are only produced in incomplete combustion typical of idle conditions. It appears probable that idling efficiency can be improved by detailed design to provide better atomization and higher local temperatures. CO2 production is a direct function of the fuel burnt (3.14 times the fuel burnt) it is not possible to control the production of CO2 in fossil fuel combustion, the best control is the increasing of the turbine efficiency, thus requiring less fuel to be burnt for the same power produced. [Pg.392]

The basic requirements of a reactor are 1) fissionable material in a geometry that inhibits the escape of neutrons, 2) a high likelihood that neutron capture causes fission, 3) control of the neutron production to prevent a runaway reaction, and 4) removal of the heat generated in operation and after shutdown. The inability to completely turnoff the heat evolution when the chain reaction stops is a safety problem that distinguishes a nuclear reactor from a fossil-fuel burning power plant. [Pg.205]

Although the petrochemical and metals industries were the primai y focus of the toxic air pollutants legislation, approximately forty of these substances have been detected in fossil power plant flue gas. Mercury, which is found in trace amounts in fossil fuels such as coal and oil, is liberated during the combustion process and these emissions may be regulated in the future. EPA issued an Information Collection Request (ICR) that required all coal-fired plants to analyze their feed coal for mercury and chlorine. Since these data will be used in making a regulatory decision on mercury near the end ot the year 2000, it is critical that the power industry provide the most accurate data possible. [Pg.445]

In the summer, the COP of an air-to-air heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature rises, reducing the cooling capacity. Normally the thermal needs of the building are met since it is common practice to size a heat pump so that it will deliver adequate cooling capacity in all but the most extreme summer conditions. The winter heating capacity of the system is then determined by this tradeoff, and if the heating capacity is inadequate, supplemental electric or fossil fuel heat is required. [Pg.609]

Narrowing this gap will require higher substantially increased output of fossil fuels and electricity, but an appreciable share of new energy supply should come from more efficient conversions. Energy intensities (i.e., the amount of primaiy energy per unit of... [Pg.629]


See other pages where Requirements, fossil fuel is mentioned: [Pg.38]    [Pg.96]    [Pg.52]    [Pg.424]    [Pg.38]    [Pg.96]    [Pg.52]    [Pg.424]    [Pg.372]    [Pg.354]    [Pg.581]    [Pg.13]    [Pg.43]    [Pg.141]    [Pg.155]    [Pg.269]    [Pg.306]    [Pg.306]    [Pg.432]    [Pg.84]    [Pg.181]    [Pg.98]    [Pg.3]    [Pg.5]    [Pg.109]    [Pg.121]    [Pg.237]    [Pg.472]    [Pg.173]    [Pg.375]    [Pg.479]    [Pg.116]    [Pg.549]    [Pg.17]    [Pg.16]    [Pg.85]    [Pg.163]    [Pg.487]    [Pg.492]    [Pg.504]   
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