Reprocessed wastes

Handling of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Final Storage of Vitrified High Level Reprocessing Waste" KambrSnslesakerhet Stockholm, 1977. 

An interesting aspect of the characterization of plutonium as Pu(V) in the Irish Sea, Lake Michigan, and Pond 3513 is that the origins of the radionuclides are different in each system, i.e., fuel reprocessing waste, fallout, and laboratory effluents, respectively. 

Mclsaac, L. D. Baker, J. D. Krupa, J. F. LaPointe, R. E. Meikrantz, D. H. Schroeder, N. C. "Study of Bidentate Compounds for the Separation of Actinides from Commercial LWR Reprocessing Waste," Allied Chemical Idaho Chemical Programs Report ICP-1180, Idaho Falls, Idaho, February 1979. 

The use of excess formic acid to destroy excess nitric acid (5M) in nuclear fuel reprocessing waste solutions at 100°C is potentially hazardous because of an induction period, high exothermicity and the evolution of large amounts of gas, mainly... 

High-level wastes consist of spent nuclear fuel and reprocessed wastes. Isotopes of uranium make up by far the majority of high-level wastes, accounting for about 94 percent of the mass of all such wastes. An additional 1 percent consists of plutonium isotopes, and the remaining 5 percent, of isotopes of other elements. 

Cougar, M. L. D., Siemer, D. D. Sheetz B. E. 1996. Vitrifiable concrete for disposal of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing waste at I.N.E.L. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 412, 395-402. 

Handling of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Final Storage of Vitrified High-level Reprocessing Waste", Part I-V, Dec. 7, 1977, and "Handling of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Final Storage of Unreprocessed Spent Fuel", Part I-II, June 28, 1978. 

The liquid waste is stored for at least 6 y prior to solidification to reduce the decay heat (Fig. 16.8) by a factor of 10 or more. The first U.S. military fuel reprocessing wastes were stored as neutralized waste in mild steel tanks at the Hanford reservation in eastern Washington. These steel-lined, reinforced-concrete tanks were 500,000-1,000,000 gal in capacity with provisions for removal of waste heat and radiolysis products. Corrosion of several tanks occurred with the release of waste. Fortunately, the soil around these tanks retarded nuclide transport. A better (and more expensive) design for storage tanks was implemented at the Savannah River site in South Carolina consisting of a second steel tank inside of a Hanford-style tank. The storage of acid waste in these tanks has not encountered the corrosion problems seen with the Hanford tanks. 

The use of excess formic acid to destroy excess nitric acid (5M) in nuclear fuel reprocessing waste solutions at 100°C is potentially hazardous because of an induction period, high exothermicity and the evolution of large amounts of gas, mainly carbon dioxide, dinitrogen oxide and nitrogen oxide, with some nitrogen and dini-trogen tetraoxide. The system has been studied thermokinetically, and the effects of various salts (which decrease the reaction rate) and sulfuric acid (which increases the rate) were determined [1],... 

Certain incidental wastes that arise from fuel reprocessing or further processing of reprocessing wastes have been excluded from high-level waste on a case-by-case basis. 

High-level waste is defined in terms of its radiological properties, rather than its source. Thus, this class includes waste from sources other than chemical reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel with radiological properties similar to those of reprocessing waste. 

Mclsaac, L. D. and Schulz, W. W. Removal of Actinides from Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Waste Solution with Bidentate Organophosphorus Extractants in "Transplutonium 1975,"... 

Fukasawa T, Takahashi M, Ikeda T, Kawamura F (1991) Proc 3rd Int Conf Nucl Fuel Reprocessing Waste Management, RECOD 91, Sendai, Japan, vol. II, pp 803... 

On account of this element s rarity, a separate account of it is desirable. Although the existence of promethium was predicted as early as 1913, it was not definitely discovered until 1945, since all isotopes are radioactive with the longest-lived isotope having a half-life of 17.7 years ( " Pm). It is a fission product of and is thus obtained on work-up of reprocessing wastes. 

---