Representations of Energy

When gross energies are calculated using primary data collected from plant operations, there is sufficient detail within the calculations to satisfy all of the above requirements. Indeed, there is so much information available that if it were all to be reported, the results tables could become so large as to be umnanageable. A considerable amount of work has been done over the last 20 years or so in an attempt to aggregate the results so that they become usable without losing too much of the available useful detail. 

One of the first such representations is the energy table shown in Table 3.1 [9]. Within this table, the overall energy requirements are analyzed into a number of groups. First, there is a breakdown by fuel-producing industry. The electricity supply industry is separately identified because, of all fuel supply industries, the electricity industry exhibits the lowest production efficiency. The oil industry is also separately identified, because, although oil fuels are consumed in a variety of different forms, they are all derived from a common source, crude oil, and they all exhibit approximately the same production efficiency. 

Fuel Type Fuel Production Delivery Energy (MJ) Energy Content of Delivered Fuel (MJ) Energy Use in Transport (MJ) Feedstock Energy (MJ) Total Energy (MJ) 

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Fig. 1. Schematic representation of energy, E, vs external field strength, Bq, for a nucleus of spia, I = 1/2. A, spia = l/2 B, spin = 1/2.

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of energy profiles for the pathways for the hydrogenation of a prochiral precursor to make L-dopa (19). The chiral...

Fio. 3. Schematic representation of energy levels, populations and resultant patterns of polarization in the n.m.r. s]3eotrum of an AB spin system. (Relative population of the energy levels is indicated by the thickness of the bars.)... 

Fig. 2. Parameters affecting the efficiency of energy transfer. (A) Overlay of FITC emission spectrum and PE absorbance spectrum normalized to maximum fluorescence intensity and maximum optical density, respectively. FITC fluorescence intensity was measured as a function of emissions wavelength using a fluorimeter with an excitation wavelength of 488 nm. PE optical density was measured as a function of wavelength using a spectrophotometer. (B) Schematic representation of energy absorption and the possible pathways for the subsequent energy release (abbreviations as in the text).

Figure 9.7 Graphical representation of energy balance equation for adiabatic operation. These are adiabatic operating lines.

Fig. 14. Schematic representation of energy levels and transitions for fluorescence and related processes kic, rate constant for interval conversion fcF, rate constant for fluorescence fcISC, rate constant for intersystems crossing fc[cp> rate constant for internal conversion from triplet state kp, rate constant for phosphorescence S, energy level for the first excited singlet state after solvent rearrangement for a polarity probe in a polar solvent.

Schematic representation of energy changes accompanying formation of enzyme-substrate complex and subsequent formation of a transition-state complex.

Fig. 30. Schematic representation of energy vs. reaction coordinate diagrams for (a) an EE mechanism, (b) a CECEC mechanism (see text). ------, E = E° ------, E < E° ...

Figure 13-1 Schematic representation of energy versus reaction coordinate for (A) a concerted reaction and (B) a stepwise reaction involving formation of an unstable intermediate. Curve B has been drawn to have the highest energy point (the transition state) come before the intermediate is formed. For many processes the highest energy point comes after the intermediate is formed. If the highest energy point comes after the intermediate is formed, then the intermediate will be more or less in equilibrium with the reactants.

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of energy levels for organotransition metal compounds (a) without n bonding and (b) with ir bonding (12).

Figure 23 Schematic representation of energy levels for monomer radical and dimer radical cations AH is the stabilization energy of dimer radical cations.

Figure 6.8. Schematic representation of energy environments and cements in a reef. (After Lighty, 1985.)...

Figure 5.4.1-2 Designation of molecular orbitals schematic representation of energy levels for a molecule with one ct, one jt and one n electron pair. From Zollinger, 1991.

Figure 3.11 Front view representations of energy-minimized pentameric (23)5 and hexameric (24)6 assemblies.

Figure 13 Pictorial representation of energy discrimination (ED). Lower-energy (2000-eV) background ions are repelled by the barrier formed by the three grids in front of the detector. Higher-energy (2150- to 2350-eV) signal ions pass through the barrier and are detected. MCP, microchannel-plate detector. (From Ref. 42.)...

Fig. 1. Graphic representation of energy modes. (The authors are indebted to H. C. Rodean of Chance Vought Aircraft, Inc. for permission to use this graphic presentation.)...

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of energy relationships in absorption spectroscopy. Iq, intensity of incident radiation /, intensity of transmitted radiation b, path-length c, concentration of the absorbing species.

Figure 4 Schematic representation of energy transfers (a) energy migration (b) cross-relaxation (c) upconversion. Vertical arrows in broken lines correspond to energy transfer and in solid lines to radiative transition. The energy diagram that illustrates the cross-relaxation mechanism is the Nd + one...

Figure 7.24. Schematic representation of energies of stationary points for the Norrish type 11 reaction of butanal. The diagram corresponds to a projection of multidimensional potential energy surfaces into a plane. The two energies given for the biradical on the S, suiface correspond to a geometry optimized for So (front bottom) and optimized for S, (middle rear), respectively. A broken...

Fig. 14.—Diagrammatic representation of energy level distribution and form of wave functions for —...

FIGURE 4. Schematic representation of energy levels of a photoacid RO H and its conjugate base R 0 ApA"a = piTa P a = where N is the Avogadro constant, h is the... 

FIGURE 11.17 Volt-current characteristics of Al/sp -C/p-Si heterojunction (a) and schematic representation of energy band diagram (b). 

Figure 3.07. 2-dimensional representation of energy landscape (After Angell et at, 1999). 

Fig. 8. Schematic representation of energy flow in the FCPA polypeptide. Abbreviations are 669i agegi 3673. bi 3373 SjE, terminai emitter Fuco, fucoxanthin Viola, violaxanthin Cs and Cl for short- and long-wavelength forms of Chi c. See text for details. Figure source Mimuro, Katoh and Kawai (1990) Spatial arrangement of pigments and their interaction in the fucoxanthin-chiorophyil aJc protein assem-biy (FCPA) isolated from the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma. Analysis by means of polarized spectroscopy. Biochim. Biophys Acta 1015 455,...

Fig. 10.16. Representation of energy minimizing 17 as a function of a dimensionless representation of the particle size (adapted from Johnson and Cahn (1984)).

Fig. 1.11 Simplified representation of energy flow through an ecosystem (a proportion of herbivore and detritivore remains is recycled directly by decomposers).

FIGURE 8. Schematic representation of energy changes on bending a linear XY2 structure. X contributes ns and np orbitals, Y single type orbitals 6 is the Y-X-Y angle... 

The methods of sub-spectral analysis and the use of computers in spectral analysis have been reviewed. An alternative representation of energy-level diagrams has been described. ... 

FIGURE 75 Schematic representation of energy absorption, emission, and dissipation processes in a bimetallic (R R ) lanthanide complex. F, fluorescence P, phosphorescence et, energy transfer r, radiative nr, nonradiative. 

FIGURE 22.4 Schematic representation of energy barrier in a rate theory model of ionic current A single energy barrier of height Gb located at a fraction of the membrane thickness is assumed in this example. 

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