Renaissence: European

During the Renaissance, Europeans developed instruments that could refine these ancient Greek theories. The Italian scientist Galileo, for example, used a closed glass container with a system of gauges that showed how air expands and contracts at different temperatures (the principle of the thermometer). The French philosopher Blaise Pascal developed what became the barometer, a device to measure surrounding levels of atmospheric pressure. 

Of the various tempera, egg was the most important in European painting, both in wall and panel painting. It was Htde used outside Europe. The main period of its use was in the Middle Ages and early Renaissance. After the sixteenth century, however, it was rarely used, as drying oils (qv) had become the preeminent media. 

People have sought to explain the origin of organisms since at least the beginning of historical times. At the time of the Renaissance most Europeans believed that living organisms devel-... 

Collection of Essays Exploring "Non-Rational, Irrational, and Suprarational Phenomena of the European Renaissance." Includes Death and the Devil, Renaissance World... 

Alchemical theories are central to the middle ages and the Renaissance. Chaucer and Shakespeare were heavily steeped in the subject, and it still exerts a fascination today. This is a scholarly and accessible introduction to Western European alchemy, and to the iconography of Alchemical works from antiquity to the rise of chemistry. It includes an illustrated glossary of Alchemical terms and biographies of major alchemists. It is intended for students of medieval and Renaissance art, literature and history art historians and anyone with a general interest in the history and principles of alchemy or medieval culture... 

McKitterick, David, A History of Cambridge University Press, i (Cambridge, 1992). Maclean, Ian, The Renaissance Notion of Woman A Study in the Fortunes of Scholasticism and Medical Science in European Intellectual Life 1980). 

K. Hahn, Elenac, The Renaissance of LDPE, Lecture at Chem. Systems Annual European Seminar, London 1999. 

By the Middle Ages, the upper classes consumed alcohol in abundance, while the peasant population made beer at home. In Italy and France, wine became an important product in commercial markets and continued to be an integral part of the European economy throughout the Renaissance period. Home brewing was largely replaced by the commercial manufacture of beer and wine in Europe by the early eighteenth century. 

Problems and Issues of European Renaissance and Reformation History. Minneapolis, 1974>153-67-... 

Patterns of Trade, Money, and Credit." In Handbook of European History, 1400-1600 Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation, edited by Thomas A. Brady, Heiko Augustinus Oberman, and James D. Tracy, 147-95. Leiden E. J. Brill, 1994. 

The base fluids used in grease can be divided into two main groups, mineral oils and synthetic fluids, although natural oils are experiencing somewhat of a renaissance because of environmental considerations, the European Union ECO-label, as an example. 

Cummings, Peter. Hearing in Hamlet Poisoned Ears and the Psychopathology of Flawed Audition. Shakespeare Yearbook i (1990), 81-92. Curtius, E. R. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages. Translated by Willard Trask. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1983. Dannenfeldt, Karl H. Sleep Theory and Practice in the Late Renaissance. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 41 (1986), 415-41. Daston, Lorraine, and Park, Katharine. Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750. New York Zone, 1998. 

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