Renaissance

Apart from tliese mainstream metliods enabling one to gain a comprehensive and detailed stmctural picture of proteins, which may or may not be in tlieir native state, tliere is a wide variety of otlier metliods capable of yielding detailed infonnation on one particular stmctural aspect, or comprehensive but lower resolution infonnation while keeping tlie protein in its native environment. One of tlie earliest of such metliods, which has recently undergone a notable renaissance, is analytical ultracentrifugation [24], which can yield infonnation on molecular mass and hence subunit composition and their association/dissociation equilibria (via sedimentation equilibrium experiments), and on molecular shape (via sedimentation velocity experiments), albeit only at solution concentrations of at least a few tentlis of a gram per litre. 

During the Middle (Dark) Ages, wine and winemaking along with other sacraments and knowledge were husbanded in cloisters and enclaves which maintained the pockets of sophistication that enabled the later flowering of the Renaissance (9,10). Wine became further associated with art, letters, religion, and culture, and it remains so. 

Theophrastos (272—287 Bc) studied the utilisation of acetic acid to make white lead and verdigris [52503-64-7]. Acetic acid was also weU-known to alchemists of the Renaissance. Andreas Libavius (ad 1540—1600) distinguished the properties of vinegar from those of icelike (glacial) acetic acid obtained by dry distillation of copper acetate or similar heavy metal acetates. Numerous attempts to prepare glacial acetic acid by distillation of vinegar proved to be in vain, however. 

In a number of cases, identifications have been extremely difficult, because the materials were synthetic and knowledge of their existence had actually been lost. For example, several rather commonly encountered synthetic pigments, such as the lead-tin yellow often found in Renaissance and Baroque paintings, were originally misidentified or left unidentifiable until extensive research, including analyses of elemental composition and chemical and physical properties, and repHcation experiments, led to proper identification of the material and its manufacturing process. 

In the eadiest known paintings, the primitive cave paintings, paint was appHed directly onto the cave wall, with tittle or no preparation. As early as the Old Kingdom in ancient Egypt, however, wall surfaces were specially prepared using a coating of plaster. In time, the refinement and complexity of the preparation layers increased until in the Renaissance several layers of different composition and fineness were superimposed. Other preparations used, especially in the Far East, consisted of a clay layer. 

The earliest remaining example of painting on a fabric support is from the twelfth dynasty in Egypt. In Europe, although the technique was known, these supports were not frequently used until the Renaissance, when the increasing size of paintings resulted in a tremendous rise in the popularity of canvas supports, a popularity which has lasted until the present. The fabric used almost exclusively by western painters was linen in the Orient silk (qv)... 

Of the various tempera, egg was the most important in European painting, both in wall and panel painting. It was Htde used outside Europe. The main period of its use was in the Middle Ages and early Renaissance. After the sixteenth century, however, it was rarely used, as drying oils (qv) had become the preeminent media. 

The various chemical and physical processes that play a role ia the deterioration of art objects are not restricted to the present, even though the contemporary environment has contributed significantly to the rate of decay. Revered masterpieces have lost splendor throughout the ages. Indeed, from textual evidence, it is known how artists ia the Renaissance restored works of art from Classical times. These restorers of past centuries attempted to return the object to its original appearance. The fallacy of that idea Hes ia the fact that they could not know the exact original appearance of the work, ie, immediately after its creation therefore, they restored the object according to their subjective opinions. 

Near Infrared Spectrometry. A renaissance ia near infrared spectrometry started ia the late 1960s when the neat iaftared region began to be... 

Chiomatograirilic methods often devdop in a cyclic manner The discovery of a new separation technique naturally stimulates interest concerning the method this attention wanes when another technique appears on the horizon and soon interest is directed at the new technique. There is then a confrontation between the methods and a critical comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the two m hods. This sometimes leads to a renaissance of the older method, which has been the subject of further development in the meantime. In this context discover-les made in connection with the modem technique are often used to advantage in / the older one... 

Portion.s adapted from Burke, J., 1996. The Pinball Effect How Renaissance Water Gardens Made the Carburetor Possible and Other Journeys Through Knowledge. New York Little, Brown, Company. 

Asymmetric synthesis is a stimulating academic challenge, but since it has become clear that most chiral drugs can be administered safely only in the enantiomerically pure form, the industrial need for asymmetric methods has made research in asymmetric synthesis absolutely necessary [5]. This has driven a renaissance in the discipline of organic chemistry, because all of the old-established reactions need to be reinvestigated for their application in asymmetric synthesis [6]. This has also applied... 

Today the renaissance of these materials as reinforcing fibers in technical applications is taking place mainly... 

Hall, B. S. (1997). Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press. 

During the 1950s, Professor W. F. Libby (1908-1980) of the University of Chicago and others worked out a method for determining the age of organic material It is based on the decay rate of carbon-14. The method can be applied to objects from a few hundred up to 50,000 years old. It has been used to determine the authenticity of canvases of Renaissance painters and to check the ages of relics left by prehistoric cave dwellers. 

Zuckermann, J. ]. [1986] The Coming Renaissance of Descriptive Chemistry , Journal of Chemical Education, 63, p. 829. 

Azirines (three-membered cyclic imines) are related to aziridines by a single redox step, and these reagents can therefore function as precursors to aziridines by way of addition reactions. The addition of carbon nucleophiles has been known for some time [52], but has recently undergone a renaissance, attracting the interest of several research groups. The cyclization of 2-(0-tosyl)oximino carbonyl compounds - the Neber reaction [53] - is the oldest known azirine synthesis, and asymmetric variants have been reported. Zwanenburg et ah, for example, prepared nonracemic chiral azirines from oximes of 3-ketoesters, using cinchona alkaloids as catalysts (Scheme 4.37) [54]. 

The cocktail s renaissance as a sophisticated way to drink has coincided with a cultural moment—a hunger for the comforts of casual behavior. Underscored by the economic moment, which is bad, meeting for drinks has produced a new version of the old night out—not die prelude to the evening, but the main event. 

I ve never heard of it, my waitress said with a smile when asked how to get to Jimmy s Uptown, the most conspicuous of the Harlem re-Renaissance night spots.The bartender talked over us on her cell phone. It was too cold, and too Wednesday, for that. 

The first successful application of the continuous wave (CW) He-Ne gas laser as a Raman excitation source by Kogelnik and Porto (14) was reported in 1963. Since that time, significant improvements in instrumentation have been continually achieved which have circumvented a great number of problems encountered with mercury lamp sources. The renaissance of Raman spectroscopy has also been due to improvements in the design of monochromators and photoelectric recording systems. 

Lindemann L, Hoener MC (2005) A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family. Trends Pharmacol Sci 26 274-281... 

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