Relative references

Alternative Relative Reference Relative Ratio of Water Loss Rates. ... 

Qualitative analysis of bile samples is performed using retention time of nor-DCA (internal standard) as relative reference time. 

Absolute refers to the impact of organic farming on the environment and relative refers to the relative impact in... 

The formula = A 8 B5 refers to cells A8 and B5 in different manners. A 8 is an absolute reference to the contents of cell A8. No matter where cell A 8 is called from in the spreadsheet, the computer goes to cell A8 to look for a number. "B5 is a relative reference in the formula in cell C5. When called from cell C5, the computer goes to cell B5 to find a number. When called from cell C6, the computer goes to cell B6 to look for a number. If called from cell Cl9, the computer would look in cell B19. This is why the cell written without dollar signs is called a relative reference. If you want the computer to always look only in cell B5, then you should write B 5 ... 

It is of interest to see that Ka (and hence, by analogy, K) does not vary appreciably when R is a saturated alkyl group. Similar behaviour has been observed in the complexation of iodide ion with trialkyltin bromides (see sequence (47), p. 160). The rate coefficients kx (rel.) refer to reaction (10), for which reaction the transition state (IV) has been suggested. 

There are also several other alternatives to resolution improvement methods for PIV, such as hierarchical processing method, reverse hierarchical processing method and so on. For those, one can refer to the relative references (Kumar and Banerjee, 1998 Rohaly et al., 2002 Susset et al., 2006 Westerweel et al., 1997, among others). 

Let us call the notion of reference used in the first option relative reference , and the notion of reference mentioned in the second option reference simpliciter . Relative reference is a relation between a word within a conceptual scheme to some entity in the quasi-phenomenal world constituted by that scheme. Reference simpliciter is a relation between a word within a conceptual scheme and some entity in the quasi-phenomenal world constituted by the adequate conceptual scheme. Defined in this way, reference simpliciter is also relative reference. It is just a distinguished member of the class of relative reference relations, just as the world simpliciter is just a distinguished member of the class of quasi-phenomenal worlds, and just as an adequate conceptual scheme is just a distinguished member of the class of conceptual schemes. 

So the dilemma is this. We can identify the ordinary notion of reference with two different relations, relative reference and reference simpliciter. If we identify it with relative reference we lose the continuity of discourse. Adopting a new conceptual scheme would amount to changing the subject. Competition would be replaced by different but equal truths . If we identify the ordinary notion of reference with reference simpliciter, we lose the ability to explain changes in linguistic behavior in terms of referential change. What shall we do ... 

But if someone ignores the distinction between relative reference and reference simpliciter, he may be tempted to argue as follows. 

In the previous chapter I described in some detail how reference is fixed. There are simple sentences associated with each word which are responsible for its reference. Once we know the truth conditions of these sentences, the reference of a word is given by disquotational schemas. The truth conditions of these sentences are identical with their justification conditions. In the final analysis, reference is fixed by justification conditions. However, some justification conditions are inadequate, they are not conducive to truth in other words, they fail as truth conditions. What these inadequate justification conditions determine is relative reference the sort of reference we attribute to users of inadequate conceptual schemes when we give rationalizing explanation of their behavior. As to adequate justification conditions, we cannot do better than to identify them with our current justification conditions. Our current justification conditions may turn out to be inadequate. But we must take what we have. 

Some people believe, as Fodor ( Methodological Solipsim ) did, that no explanation of behavior should appeal to anything outside the mind. Reference is a relation to something outside the mind, so it cannot be invoked in the explanation of behavior. If that is right, the notion of relative reference is superfluous. The only work relative reference is allowed to do is to explain behavior in certain cases. If it cannot do even that, we have to get rid of it. Consequently, the ordinary notion of reference should be identified with reference simpliciter without further ado. 

The common function of all particles, independent of their specific structure is the ratio AIY = 2n. The amount of energy transferred from one particle during an interaction step (see assumption 1) can now be written as er = er° + a = 2n + a, where a is a specific parameter of the system and Er° = 2n is defined as the relative reference exchange energy. 

Table III. The influence of the relative (referred to Si02) amount of different compounds of the reaction mixture upon the properties of the reaction mixture and of the product...

If the cell in either the source or the destination contains a formula, then the formula will be enclosed in parentheses and joined to the contents of the destination cell by the arithmetic operator. Relative references in the source will be changed in the same way as in a normal Paste operation. You can also Copy cells that contain formulas and press both the Values button and one of the Operation buttons to either Add, Subtract, Multiply or Divide. 

To keep the address of a cell fixed when you use the Fill commands, precede both its letter and number designation by a dollar sign (e.g., B 1). Thus the formula =A1+ B 1 in cell A2, when filled down, yields =A9+ B 1 in cell A10 (Figure 1-19). You will find this absolute cell addressing useful if you wish to use numerical constants in formulas. Occasionally it is useful to use mixed references. A relative reference in a formula, such as A1, becomes A2, A3, etc., as you Fill Down a formula into cells below the original formula. An absolute reference such as A 1 remains A 1 as you Fill Down. A mixed reference is a reference such as A 1 or A1 the row or the column designation, respectively, will remain constant when you Fill Down or Fill Right. 

Thus the difference (with respect to cell references) between Copy and Paste and Cut and Paste is that Cut adjusts relative references so that they stiU refer to the original cells, while Copy does not adjust relative references, with the result that they refer to different cells. 

The best way to copy a formula to a different row and column without altering relative references is to Copy it from the formula bar, click the Enter box to complete the Copy operation, then Paste in the destination cell. 

Using the Sampling tool would be laborious if you needed to sample a data file with, for example, 17 columns a column of x values and 16 columns of associated y values. You d have to use the Sampling tool 17 times. In a case like this it would be preferable to have a formula, using relative references, that could be entered once, filled down to sample the column of x values, then filled right to create formulas that would sample each of the columns of y values. The following formulas illustrate how to do this. 

The molecular weight of hypromellose acetate succinate is approximately 55 000-93 000 Daltons, measured hy gel permeation chromatography using polyethylene oxide as a relative reference standard. 

---