Relative work

This relative work is an important consideration when comparing separation techniques. Some leave much of the work undone, as, for example, in crystallisation (qv) involving an unseparated eutectic mixture. 

Measurements [113,368] of interfacial (contact) potentials or calculated values of the relative work functions of reactant and of solid decomposition product under conditions expected to apply during pyrolysis have been correlated with rates of reaction by Zakharov et al. [369]. There are reservations about this approach, however, since the magnitudes of work functions of substances have been shown to vary with structure and particle size especially high values have been reported for amorphous compounds [370,371]. Kabanov [351] estimates that the electrical field in the interfacial zone of contact between reactant and decomposition product may be of the order of 104 106 V cm 1. This is sufficient to bring about decomposition. 

The relative work function and the relative electrode potential of electrodes in aqueous solutions and in inactive gases can be measured by a vibrating capacitor technique called Kelvin s method [Samec-Johnson-Doblhofer, 1992]. The Kelvin method estimates the difference in the work function between a test electrode and a Kelvin probe (KF) by measuring the applied voltage V at which the difference in the outer potential ij s- l KP between the test electrode and the Kelvin probe becomes zero (V = liJs - i Kp) as shown in Pig. 4—28. 

Travail, specifique relatif (Specific Relative Work) or Coefficient d utilisation pratique (CUP or cup) (Coefficient of Practical Utilization) corresponds to Trauzl Block Test modified in 1912 by the French Commission des Substances Explosives (CSE). See Ref 24, p E140-L. ... 

Therefore the relative work required by the compressor, with the existing restriction of the fouled filter, was... 

In 1992, the federal government adopted the resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) method as the Medicare physician payment system. The RBRVS represents a ranking of services according to fhe relative costs of the resources required to provide the services. The system has three components (1) the relative work involved in providing the service, (2) practice expenses, and (3) liability insurance costs. The system also permits the use of modifying factors, such as geographic differences and annual increases. A pharmaceutical care RBRVS system was developed as part of fhe Minnesota Pharmaceutical Care Project. 

In other EFM studies,158 part of the sample was electrochemically oxidized by partially immersing in electrolyte and applying a positive potential. The EFM image clearly showed a distinction between the immersed (oxidized) and nonimmersed (less oxidized) parts of the sample in terms of relative work function. Similar shifts in work function had also been observed for polythiophenes when exposed in situ to ultraviolet (UV) radiation during EFM imaging.160 An increase in the work function upon UV exposure is due to the formation of electron-hole pairs that produce photocurrent in photovoltaic devices. Thus, the EFM provides fundamental insights into the processes involved in many of the applications for CEPs. 

Analysis of the energy spent for fracture of SPC samples indicates that the relative work of micro-WJWC and macro Wr /lV. crack formation in the compositions with modifying additives leads to an increase in the crack resistance of these compositions. It is obvious that fluctuation of Wc, Gc, and K parameters depends on a change in relative values of the energy spent for elastic WJWC and local W/Wc deformations. 

Figure 6. Relative work as a function of irradiation for tensile...

A work capacity/power pendulum method is also named as ballistic mortar test. The measured work value is used to evaluate the relative work capacity. Its principles are in Fig. 2.18. 

Figure 2.20 displays that the relative work capacity of other explosives to TNT. The work capacity of TNT is set 100 here. 

A detidled analysis of the operation count require to solve Eq. (24) is complicated by the possibility of pivoting however, if we ignore this complication then the relative work of factoring and solving can be assessed. From Ref. 51 we see that... 

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