Relative cell reference, Excel

Excel Tip. You can use F4 (Windows) or COMMAND+T (Macintosh) to toggle between cell reference types. Select the cell reference by double-clicking on it in the formula bar (or just put the insertion point cursor anywhere in the reference), then press F4 to cycle through the formats, in the sequence relative (e.g., A1), absolute (e.g., A 1), mixed (e.g.,A 1), mixed (e.g., A1). If you are typing a formula, you can use F4 after typing the cell reference Excel converts the reference to the immediate left of the insertion point. 

Example In Microsoft Excel, copying is normally relative, and if you wish a cell reference to be absolute when copied, this is done by putting a dollar ( ) sign before and after the column reference letter, e.g. C 56. 

As a standard basis for comparing relative electron-pulling strength (also referred to as reduction potential), the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is often used. This half-cell consists of a platinum electrode (Pt is chemically inert, but it is an excellent conductor of electricity) submerged in a 1 M solution of H+ ions (this designation is used rather than HsO, but the meaning is the same) at 298 K, and bathed by H2 gas at 1 atm pressure. 

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