Regulation of cell growth

Intercellular communication can be affected by different carotenoids and their oxidation products, and opposing effects can be observed depending on their concentrations (Stahl et al., 1998). Carotenoids play a role in the induction and stimulation of intercellular communication via gap junctions, which in turn play an important role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (Tapiero et al., 2004). 

At the moment, the role of p53 and its related genes in the regulation of cell growth signaling by carotenoids is not well understood and the results appear controversial. It is possible that several factors may influence the modulatory effects of P-carotene and other carotenoids on p53 levels, including the concomitant presence of smoke, the type and the concentration of the carotenoid, the association with other antioxidants as well as the biological cellular environment. 

Annexins Phospholipid- and membrane-binding proteins involved in the regulation of cell growth, coagulation, mediation of secretion, signal transduction, and ion channel activity link signaling to membrane dynamics... 

The Ras signal transduction cascade is of extreme physiological importance. It is central to the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and false regulation of this signal pathway can be one of the critical steps leading to cell transformation.151 A... 

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is an extracellular plant enzyme that acts in regulation of cell growth and differentiation, polymerization of cell wall components, and the oxidation of secondary metabolites essential for important pathogenic defense reactions. Because of these essential functions, and also because of its stability and ready availability, HRP has attracted considerable attention.13 It has been involved in a number of applications, such as diagnostic assays,14 biosensors,15 bioremediation,16 polymer synthesis,17 and other biotechnological processes.18 More applications in which HRP catalysis is translated into an electrochemical signal are likely to be developed in the near future. 

Sizemore N and Rorke EA [1993] Human papillomavirus 16 immortalization of normal human ectocervical epithelial cells alters retinoic acid regulation of cell growth and epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Cancer Res 53 4511-4517... 

Adenosine 3 receptor ADORA3 Agonism Immunosuppression, hypotension, anti-ischaemic (cardioprotective), pro-ischaemic (cerebral), cell necrosis, cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Antagonism might cause myocardial ischaemia, proinflammatory effects, hypertension and interfere with the regulation of cell growth. 

The p53 protein acts as a negative regulator of cell growth it was first detected through its association with the SV40 big-T oncoprotein in virus-transformed cells. Viral oncoproteins like SV40 T antigen and adenovirus E1B sequester... 

Angiotensin II is an octapeptide, which was initially described as a potent vasoconstrictor agent. However, its functions have since been expanded to include regulation of cell growth, inflammation, electrolyte and water balance, hormone secretion, sympathetic nervous system activity, differentiation, and apoptosis. The discovery that it is produced both systemically and locally was instrumental in establishing a pivotal role for the peptide in several disease states, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, myocarditis, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, and nephrosclerosis. 

The other major receptor for HA is receptor for HA-mediated motility (RHAMM),133,134 discovered and characterized by Eva Turley. This receptor is implicated in cell locomotion, focal adhesion turnover, and contact inhibition. It also is expressed in a number of variant isoforms. The interactions between HA and RHAMM regulate locomotion of cells by a complex network of signal transduction events and interaction with the cytoskeleton of cells. It is also an important regulator of cell growth.135... 

Carpenter, C. L., and Cantley, L. C., 1996, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the regulation of cell growth. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1288 M11-16. 

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