Regional differences subdivisions

Figures 4-6 show the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions which contain dopaminergic cells in the ventral midbrain tegmentum, as illustrated in stereotaxic atlases of the rat and mouse brain. These atlases nowadays represent common laboratory tools, especially for young researchers (who may not be necessarily experts in sophisticated neuroanatomical subdivisions and nomenclature). The SN and its different subdivisions (described in Section 2.2.2) are clearly delineated in Figures 4-6. Medially to the SN, the emphasis on the parcellation (or lack of parcellation) into different nuclei varies slightly according to the authors. The VTA is obviously indicated in all atlases, but its extent is rarely delineated, though the boundaries of this region are outlined at rostral levels in Swanson s...

Based on the triangle theory for TMB reactors Lode et al. (2002, 2003) as well as Fricke et al (2003, 2005) developed short cut methods for the prelirninary design of SMB reactors. They derived analytical solutions for different types of reactions by taking into account the conditions for different subdivisions of the separation region. 

A detailed quantitative analysis of the preferences of amino acids in folded proteins for different regions of the Ramachandran plot reveals that the 18 nonglycine, nonproline residues exhibit different preferences (Shortle, 2002). Figure 5 shows the range of relative propensities displayed by these 18 amino acids for a somewhat arbitrary subdivision... 

Two main subdivisions of the temporal neocortex were investigated—the visual area IT and the auditory area STG. We did not observe important differences between IT and STG with regard to the distribution and phenotype of BrdU+ cells, and therefore these regions are presented in a common section. 

The strong regionality for major, trace element and isotopic compositions of Italian Plio-Quatemary volcanism allows subdivision into several com-positionally different magmatic provinces. For the purpose of this review, a magmatic province is defined as a relatively restricted zone within... 

Besides the potential-dependent adsorption of a poison, i.e. a species that is different from the electroactive species or current carrier, other mechanisms are discussed that may hide a region of negative differential resistance and thus give rise to oscillations on a branch of the I-U curve with positive slope. According to specific mechanistic features, a subdivision of HN-NDR oscillators was proposed into originally three subclasses [12]. 

Weisberg et al. 2006 Chapter 1). The key point is that subdivision of chondrites is based on differences in the basic chemical, mineralogical, and textural properties that are unique to each class. Chondrites also record difference in redox conditions before and during their accretion providing important clues to disk environments and properties such as oxygen, carbon, and sulfur abundances in these regions. 

In the 1970s Bockris and Saluj a developed models incorporating and extending ideas proposed by Eley and Evans, Frank and Wen, and Bockris and Reddy. Three basic models of ionic hydration that differ from each other in the structure in the first coordination shell were examined. The features of these models are given in Table 2.16. The notations chosen for the models were lA, IB, 1C 2A, 2B, 2C and 3A, 3B, 3C, where 1, 2, and 3 refer to three basic hydration models, and A, B, and C refer to the subdivision of the model for the structure-broken (SB) region. These models are all defined in Table 2.16. A model due to Bockris and Reddy (model 3 in Table 2.16 and Fig. 2.37) recognizes the distinction between coordination number (CN) and solvation number (SN). 

The distribution patterns of coccoliths and foraminifera differ significantly in deep-sea sediments (Schneidermann, 1973 Roth et al, 1975). In most sediments the more easily dissolved coccoliths are missing. Even in areas where the overlying water is supersaturated with respect to calcite (e.g., 3,000 m in the Atlantic Ocean Schneidermann, 1973), significant dissolution of coccoliths has been observed. Solution-resistant coccoliths, however, may survive in sediments in which all foraminiferal tests have been dissolved. Schneidermann (1973) used these characteristics to create additional subdivisions of the region near the CCD, and Roth et al. (1975) emphasized that coccolith and foraminifera solution indices can be used in a complementary manner. Coccoliths are good indicators of dissolution above the lysocline, whereas foraminifera are better indicators of dissolution below the lysochne. 

The analysis of full rheological curve illustrates how the complex mechanical behavior can be subdivided into several regions, and how within each of these regions it can be represented by a simple model that utilizes only one or two constant parameters. For this reason, such phenomena as Schwedov s creep and Bingham s viscoplastic flow, whose molecular mechanisms are so different, can be described by substantially different parameters within otherwise the same model. Such subdivision of complex behavior into a finite number of simpler constituents with particular quantitative characteristics illustrates the universal role of macrorheology. At the same time, detailed description of a mechanism involved in each of these elementary stages requires the use of molecular-kinetic concepts and may be characterized as a microrheological approach. 

Coimterion condensation has detractors (28-34), who point to flaws in the concept s derivation, such as artificial subdivision of the counterions into two populations, inappropriate extrapolation of the Debye-Hiickel approximation to regions of high electrostatic potential, and inconsistent treatment of counterions. The full nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation offers a more rigorous way to interpret electrostatic phenomena in electrolyte solutions, but the physical picture obtained through this equation is different in some ways from the one suggested by condensation (21,34,35). In particular, a Poisson-Boltzmann analysis does not readily identify distinct populations of condensed and free counterions but rather a smoothly varying Gouy-Chapman layer. Nevertheless, Poisson-Boltzmann-based... 

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