Regarding Industrial Applications

The electrochemical coupling of chlorosilanes with organic halides appears to be an attractive pathway for the synthesis of organosilicon compounds. Regarding industrial applications, the use of our specially developed hydrogen anode [1] is of particular interest, as it produces HCl instead of metal salts. Thus, starting from a work of Bordeau et al. on the trimethylsilylation of o-dichlorobenzene [2], we tested the applicability of electrochemical reduction for the synthesis of phenylated and /-butyl-substituted silanes. 

As regards industrial application of the method, the phenomenon entails undesirable consequences. In an oil-wet reservoir, an identical hydrodynamical effect can be approximated only if the apparent viscosity exhibited in the water-wet medium is compensated by an increase in the laboratory viscosity of the solution employed. This actually requires the use of 3-6 times as much of polymer. 

Esterification reactions have been described extensively in the literature. Otera (2003), in his study Esterification Methods, Reactions and Applications, has collected approximately 5000 bibhographic references. Despite this huge collection of information, the section regarding industrial applications of esterification (and transesterification) reaction is not complete because some of the industrial processes are not fully disclosed. 

An extensive treaunent of gas-liquid flows encountered in industry applications, along with numerous design correlations can be found in Volume 3 of the Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics - Gas-Liquid Flows (N. P. Cheremisinoff, editor. Gulf Publishing Co, Houston, TX, 1986). Further discussions in this volume can be found in Chapter 4 with regard to flow regimes typically encountered in bubble columns and similar devices. 

Life-cycle analysis of a filter shows that operation often corresponds to 70% to 80% of the filter s total environmental load and is absolutely decisive as regards environmental effect. Raw material, refining, manufacturing, and transports correspond to about 20% to 30%, while the used filter contributes at most 1%. Filters of plastic or other inflammable material can render 10 kWh to 30 kWh energy when burned, which correspondingly reduces the total environmental load from 0.5% to 1%. On the other hand, if the pressure loss in the filter is reduced by 10 Pa, the environmental load is reduced by 125 kW h per year, or approximately 5% decrease in total environmental load. Filters in industrial applications can have quite different figures. 

Much mention has been made of this Standard with regard to insulation. It contains definitions, physical characteristics and recommended thicknesses of insulation for a wide range of industrial applications, including ... 

While this works progresses, a part of our attention should be focused on potential industrial applications. In this regard, the path is set, because important principles of green chemistry are inherent to cellulose derivatives, namely the raw material is renewable, and the products are biodegradable. With regard to these principles, consider the following ... 

Useful information on the major industrial applications of selenium and tellurium can be traced in the old (1942), yet still expedient review of Waitkins et al. [4], based on most of the early (pre-war) references on the subject. Not much has changed since then, at least with regard to the industrial uses of these elements. 

The increase in environmental awareness and the acute effects of some toxic compounds have raised questions over the safety of using many chemicals invented for agricultural and industrial applications. A great deal of current research addresses the management and remediation of old contaminated sites. Recent concerns regard the safety of consumer chemicals, especially nanomaterials the effect of pharmaceuticals on ecosystems and the combined effect that chemical cocktails have on human and ecosystem health. 

Apart from the reactions described above for the formation of thin films of metals and compounds by the use of a solid source of the material, a very important industrial application of vapour phase transport involves the preparation of gas mixtures at room temperature which are then submitted to thermal decomposition in a high temperature furnace to produce a thin film at this temperature. Many of the molecular species and reactions which were considered earlier are used in this procedure, and so the conclusions which were drawn regarding choice and optimal performance apply again. For example, instead of using a solid source to prepare refractory compounds, as in the case of silicon carbide discussed above, a similar reaction has been used to prepare titanium boride coatings on silicon carbide and hafnium diboride coatings on carbon by means of a gaseous input to the deposition furnace (Choy and Derby, 1993) (Shinavski and Diefendorf, 1993). 

With regard to application in the pharmaceutical industry, palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions offer the opportunity of shorter and more selective routes for a number of currently marketed and future drugs. Therefore, it is not surprising that since the early 1990s more and more palladium-catalyzed reactions are transferred from academic protocols to the industrial context (Beller et al. 2001 Beller and Zapf 2002 de Vries 2001). Selected examples of processes that are used nowadays or have been used in the pharmaceutical industry are shown in Scheme 3. In order to see more realizations of this type of chemistry, more active and productive palladium catalysts have to be developed because of the high price of palladium and most often the ligand system. 

The present position as regards the industrial application of the dark- and photoconductor properties of organic dyes is outlined in this paper. 

Applications for Red Phosphorus RP is commercially used in a wide variety of industrial applications safety matches, flame retardants, phosphides and pyrotechnics. (Figure 5.4). In most applications, the red allotrope is favored over the white because of its greater stability in air and also its easier handling characteristics. RP is also not considered problematic with regard to environmental and occupational health issues. It is not soluble in water and is considered nontoxic when pure. When the content of WP is less than 0.02%, the LD50-value is >15000mg/kg (rat). 

Patent systems typically require that the claimed invention must have utility (as set forth in 35 U.S. C. 101) or must be susceptible to industrial application (as set forth in Art. 57 EPC). With regard to genetic patenting, the European Patent Convention explicitly states that the industrial application of a sequence or a partial sequence of a gene must be disclosed in the patent application (see Rule 23e(3) EPC)). The requirement to associate the sequence with a function can also be found in U.S. law. 

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