Refrigeration Technologies

The aforementioned applications of air conditioning were possible because a commercial advantage was present. Limited refrigeration technology contributed to high installation costs. These costs could... 

In the first freeze drying plant [2.9] phosphorous pentoxide has been used to absorb the water vapor, but to day this technique is outdated. The development of refrigeration technology with compressors or NH3 absorption and the availability of LN2 has replaced water absorption by silica gel or similar products. Some trials aiming to revive this technology are detailed in Section 1.2.6. 

While refrigeration technologies can provide a near-constant GT inlet air temperature, and thus a nearly constant GT power output, refrigeration TIC systems are significantly more expensive than evaporative systems. However, the incremental net power output from the refrigeration system, when measured on a unit cost basis ( per kWe),... 

Morgan, H. 1997. Breaking new ground in refrigeration technology. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, June 1997, 48-50. 

In 1996, a 50 m underground superconducting cable (wound from 6 km of a BSCCO ribbon) and a 150 kW superconducting electric motor were successfully demonstrated. Further development of practical superconductor devices might well depend more on the development of suitable refrigeration technology than on the preparation of new superconducting materials. 

Refrigeration technology is moving into a new phase with the introduction of hydrofluorocarbons that combine the safety of chlorofluorocarbons with a much lower environmental impact The considerable care bemg taken to choose the new refrigerants under the close scrutiny of the public and regulatory bodies will ensure that the new products will benefit mankind for years to come... 

Mainly because of two factors, (1) energy conservation and cost and (2) the desirability of phasing out the use of chlorofluorccarbons (CFCs) in an attempt to slow the deterioration of Earth s ozone layer, refrigeration technology is under intense scrutiny as of the early 1990s. 

The industry got its start in 1895 when Dr. Carl von Linde, a pioneer in refrigeration technology, received the first patent for the liquefaction and rectification of air into its major components oxygen and nitrogen (Almqvist, E., IOMA). Georges Claude soon developed this work further in Paris, France, improving the efficiency of the liquefaction process. 

W.E. Keller, Magnetic Refrigeration The Basis for a New Refrigeration Technology, LALP-82-34, Los Alamos National Laboratory Report, 1982. 

Boiarski, M. J., Brodianski, V. M., and Longsworth, R. C., (1998) Retrospeetive of Mixed-Refrigerant Technology and Modem Status of Cryocoolers Based on One-Stage, Oil-Lubrieated Compressors, in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 43, Plenum Press, pp. 1701-1708. 

Organic isocynate [8,85,91] compounds have been known for a long time, but first became commercially interesting in the last decades based on the development work by Bayer. The reaction of di- and polyisocyanates with di- and polyols forms polyurethanes (PUR) with many uses. The preferred use of PUR in the automobile industry, in construction, and in refrigeration technology led to a considerable increase in the production capacity for feedstock diisocyanates. 

Y. Zhao, M. M. Ohadi, R. Radermacher, MicroChannel Heat Exchangers with Carbon Dioxide, final Report for the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute, ARTI-21CR/10020-01. 

Adsorption phenomena are of interest in several topics and find uses including purification technology, refrigeration technology [9]. The uptake of gases by charcoal was studied by Scheele in 1773 and further by Fontana in 1777. 

Utilizing a single-membrane step to separate and concentrate the heavy hydrocarbons in the permeate stream [12]. The permeate stream is then compressed, followed by the condensa-tion/removal of heavy hydrocarbons, with the high-pressure methane residue stream recirculated to the feed stream reducing the methane loss. Only a few novel membranes have shown highly selective, stable performance, and the currently available rubbery m branes are likely to remain dominant however, the conventional refrigeration technology provides a stiff barrier for a broader membrane acceptance [14],... 

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