Refractive surgery

Excimer lasers are of great importance for UV and vacuum UV (VUV) spectroscopy and photochemistry. They are also found in a wide range of applications. For example, they are used in micromachine medical devices, including refractive surgery, in photo-lithography for the microelectronics industry, for material processing, as optical pump sources for other type of lasers (dyes), and so on. More details about excimer lasers can be found in Rodhes (1979). 

Pain, relief of photophobia in patients undergoing corneal refractive surgery Ophthalmic Apply 1-2 drops to affected eye 1 hr before surgery, within 15 min after surgery, then 4 times a day for up to 3 days. 

Refractive surgery Ophthalmic 1 drop 4 times a day for 3 days. 

Candidates must be in excellent health and have no conditions that would restrict their ability to safely do fire suppression and rescue work. Weight (body fat content) must be proportionate to height for men and women. Uncorrected distance visual acuity of at least 20/100 in the poorer eye and 20/40 in the better eye, correctable to at least 20/40 in one eye and 20/20 in the other eye, is required. Regarding refractive surgery, most persons who have had these procedures will be passed. However, some may be deferred for several months or disqualified based on an individualized assessment of the surgical outcome. Color vision Candidates must be able to accurately and quickly name colors and must be free of other visual impairments that would restrict the ability to perform firefighter duties. 

Regarding refractive surgery, most persons who have had these procedures will be passed. However, some may be deferred for several months or disqualified based on an individualized assessment of the surgical outcome... 

Some individuals demonstrate significant increases or decreases ( 10 mcm) in corneal thickness after the instillation of topical benoxinate. This effect must be considered when performing preoperative pachymetry before corneal refractive surgery. 

These changes in corneal thickness should be considered when obtaining measurements for refractive surgery or when performing pachymetry in glaucoma patients. 

Eraunfelder FW, Rich LF. Possible adverse effects of dmgs used in refractive surgery.J Cataract Refract Surg 2003 29 170-175. 

In addition to its usual mydriatic effect for diagnostic purposes, phenylephrine has several other clinical uses. The drug can be a valuable aid in breaking posterior synechiae. Application of the 10% solution to the cornea preceded by a topical anesthetic is usually recommended to help break the adhesion. Furthermore, the effectiveness of topical 10% phenylephrine solution is used for peripheral corneal vessel vasoconstriction during LASIK refractive surgery. 

Several studies show that photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) can induce or exacerbate dry eye. Refractive surgery is believed to cause aqueous-deficient dry eye by a neural-based mechanism. 

Hofmeister EM, Kaupp SE, SchaUhorn SC. Comparison of tropicamide and cyclopentolate for cycloplegic refractions in myopic adult refractive surgery patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005 31 694-700. 

Diclofenac decreases inflammation, pain, and fever, probably through inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity and prostaglandin synthesis. It is indicated in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. Potassium salt is approved for management of mild to moderate pain and primary dysmenorrhea when prompt pain relief is needed. Ophthalmic used for treatment of postoperative inflammation after cataract removal temporary relief of pain and photophobia following corneal refractive surgery. Topical used for treatment of actinic keratosis. 

Fig. 3. Percentage distribution of preferably used viscoelastic products in phacoemulsification obtained during a survey among 1377 members of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS, modified according to Learning, 1999)...

Kenchegowda, S., J. He et al. 2013. Involvement of pigment epithelium-derived factor, doco-sahexaenoic acid and neuroprotectin D1 in corneal inflammation and nerve integrity after refractive surgery. Prostaelandins Leukot. Esse.nt. Fatty Acids 88(11 27-31. 

Pan, J. C., Lau, B. H, Fam, H. B. and Ng, M. M. (September 2004). Evaluation of biofilm formation on nylon sutures removed from clinically non-infected eyes after cataract smgeiy. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, 30 (9), 1972-1976. 

Mirshahi A, Kohnen T. Acute psychotic reaction caused by topical cyclopentolate use for cycloplegic refraction before refractive surgery case report and review of the literature. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003 29(5) 1026-30. 

Praeger, 2007. Starts with anatomy and proceeds to discuss how to maintain healthy eyes. Includes information on many conditions and the types of refractive surgery. 

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