Refracted wave

Refracted wave a wave that is transmitted beyond the junction. 

E = IncidenI wave = Reflected wave E" = Refracted wave... 

The incoming circuit is therefore subject to twice the system voltage and the voltage of the refracted wave... 

This means that the travelling wave will reflect in full but with negative polarity, thus nullifying the system voltage. The voltage of the refracted wave will also be zero, and obviously so, as there will be no refraction at the shorted end. Refer to Figure 18.10(b). 

Reflected wave + transmitted wave Internal (refracted) waves... 

The attenuated, refracted wave, is referred to as an evanescent wave and decays with the characteristic length scale ... 

On the basis of Maxwell s theory, the reflected and the refracted waves are explicitely stated by Fresnel s equations. The coefficient r correlates the amplitude E of the reflected wave with the amplitude Eq of the incident one (Bom, 1933 Bom and Wolf, 1980 Bennett and Bennett, 1978) ... 

Different from the case when of a refracted wave travels through a medium and thus no field occurs in direction of propagation, the evanescent field consists of (generally... 

Travel times of refracted waves are identified on the seismic record as "first arrivals" at each geophone, and they are dependent upon the depth to which the refracted wave traveled, and the seismic velocity of the wave (3). 

Figure 2. Time vs. distance plot of "first arrivals" for seismic refracted waves at corresponding geophones.

If an isotropic layer with a thickness d.2 is located at the planar interface of two semi-infinite media (Fig. 1.12), the incident wave gives rise to reflected and refracted waves in all the media except for the ontput halfspace, where only the refracted wave exists. For such an optical configuration, the Fresnel coefficients (1.4.5°) can be rewritten in the Drude (exact) form [9] as... 

The seismic reflection method is the most extensively used of all geophysical techniques, its principal employment being in the oil industry. In this technique, the depth of investigation is large compared with the distance from the shot to detector array. This is to exciude refraction waves. Indeed, the method is able to record information from a large number of horizons down to depths of several thousands of metres. 

Figure 6.16 Refraction of a chemical wave, (a) Experimental observation in a silica gel layer open to air, with stepwise variation in thickness, (b) Schematic representation of part a ab, boundary between regions / (thickness = 2.15 mm) and R (thickness = 1 mm) i, - and v, wave vectors of incident and refracted waves, respectively

Aa with Aa - 5 deg. The developed configuration (Figs. 2a-2c and 3a-3e) is characterized by the presence of an SW and SW (referred to in Ref. 3 as a precursor). As the SW and a cylindrical CS interact, SF refraction may transform into FS refraction because the refracted SW accelerates in the hot domain and the angle 0c (Fig. lb) becomes smaller than 90 deg in other words, it is SW that refracts from the hot domain while SW becomes a refracted wave (Figs. 2c and 3d). 

Assume that a plane wave E = Aq exp[i(o — kx)] is incident at the angle a on a plane transparent plate with two parallel, partially reflecting surfaces (Fig. 4.36). At each surface the amplitude Ai is split into a reflected component Ar = A/ /R and a refracted component At = A/ / — R, neglecting absorption. The reflectivity R = /r/// depends on the angle of incidence a and on the polarization of the incident wave. Provided the refractive index n is known, R can be calculated from Fresnel s formulas [116]. From Fig. 4.36, the following relations are obtained for the amplitudes A/ of waves reflected at the upper surface, Bi of refracted waves, Q of waves reflected at the lower surface, and Dt of transmitted waves... 

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