Reforming with steam

Secunda discharges no process water effluents. AU. water streams produced are cleaned and reused in the plant. The methane and light hydrocarbons in the product are reformed with steam to generate synthesis gas for recycle (14). Even at this large scale, the cost of producing fuels and chemicals by the Fischer-Tropsch process is dominated by the cost of synthesis gas production. Sasol has estimated that gas production accounts for 58% of total production costs (39). 

Synthesis Gas Generation Routes. Any hydrocarbon that can be converted into a synthesis gas by either reforming with steam (eq. 4) or gasification with oxygen (eq. 5) is a potential feedstock for methanol. 

In a typical PAFC system, methane passes through a reformer with steam from the coolant loop of the water-cooled fuel cell. Heat for the reforming reaction is generated by combusting the depleted fuel. The reformed natural gas contains typically 60 percent H9, 20 percent CO, and 20 percent H9O. Because the platinum catalyst in the PAFC can tolerate only about 0.5 percent CO, this fuel mixture is passed through a water gas shift reactor before being fed to the fuel cell. 

In a process for the production of hydrogen required for the manufacture of ammonia, natural gas is to be reformed with steam according to the reactions ... 

First, we will refer to the direct use of hydrocarbon fuels in an SOFC as direct utilization rather than direct oxidation. Second, we recognize that the broadest definition of direct utilization, exclusive from mechanistic considerations, should include rather conventional use of fuel by internal reforming, with steam being cofed to the fuel cell with the hydrocarbon. Indeed, this nomenclature has been used for many years with molten-carbonate fuel cells. However, because internal reforming is essentially limited to methane and because the addition of steam with the fuel adds significant system complexity, we will focus primarily on systems and materials in which the hydrocarbons are fed to the fuel cell directly without significant amounts of water or oxygen. 

The required waste heat is governed by the exergetic efficiency of the heat engine heat sink 7 proccss and the temperature of the heat source Tsofc (T in K). Table 2.4 shows that the relation between Tprocess/ sofc is about 0.4 in the case of the evaporator and about 0.9 in the case of the reformer. The recycling of the anode outlet flow is another interesting option to supply the reformer with steam because no evaporation is needed. 

Description Natural gas is preheated and desulfurized. After desulfurization, the gas is saturated with a mixture of preheated process water from the distillation section and process condensate in the saturator. The gas is further preheated and mixed with steam as required for the pre-reforming process. In the pre-reformer, the gas is converted to H2, C02 and CH4. Final preheating of the gas is achieved in the fired heater. In the autothermal reformer, the gas is reformed with steam and 02. The product gas contains H2, CO, C02 and a small amount of unconverted CH4 and inerts together with undercomposed steam. The reformed gas leaving the autothermal reformer represents a considerable amount of... 

As discussed above in the reforming of hydrocarbon fuels, H2 can be produced from alcohol fuels by at least three major catalytic processes, namely steam reforming, partial oxidation and ATR or oxidative steam reforming. The chemistry, thermodynamics, and recent developments in catalysis of methanol and ethanol reforming with steam for H2 production will be discussed in this section. 

One of the ways in which natural gas could be converted to liquid products is by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In this process, methane is reformed with steam and oxygen to produce a synthesis gas that is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The synthesis gas is then reacted over a catalyst to produce a variety of fuels. However, recently the most emphasis has been on the production of high-cetane, sulfur-free diesel fuel. Fischer-Tropsch fuels can be produced at the equivalent of 14 to 20 a barrel of oil, and plants with capacities of 10 to 100,000 barrels a day have either been built or designed.1... 

Other processes are available for the continuous production of synthesis gas from natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, high-boiling oils, or solid fuels. Natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas can be reformed with steam... 

Most syngas is produced captively for the manufacture of methanol from natural gas. Natural gas is reformed with steam to produce a raw syngas which enters a methanol synthesis reactor and is converted directly to methanol. Methanol is not regarded as a petrochemical, as it is usually produced from natural gas rather than a petroleum-derived hydrocarbon, but it is used as feedstock to produce a great many petrochemicals. Syngas is also used as feedstock in the 0x0 process to produce a wide variety of aldehydes and alcohols. 

Natural Cas Reformation Large amounts of elemental hydrogen are currently produced by the petrochemical industry for use in the desulfurisation of diesel fuels, hydrogenation of edible oils and as a feedstock for many hi-tech manufacturing processes. The majority of today s hydrogen is made from natural gas reformation with steam, some oxygen and air. The equation for this process is ... 

Hydrogenation of oxides of carbon and the reverse reaction (e.g., methane reforming with steam) Nickel... 

P.3.2.3 Kinetics The reaction given by Equation 9.22a describes methane reforming with steam, whereas Equation 9.22b describes the water-gas shift reaction. The kinetic expression used for the CH4 reforming reaction shall be given by the following simple relation ... 

Ozkara-Aydmoglu, . (2010). Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of combined carbon dioxide reforming with steam reforming of methane to synthesis gas. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(13), 12821—12828. 

Hydrogen is mostly produced from natural gas or coal through reforming with steam to produce syngas—a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H ), carbon dioxide (CO ), and water vapor (H O). It can also be formed by the electrolysis... 

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