Reflector plate

Fig. 7.18. Instrumental arrangement for the measurement of total reflection x-ray fluorescence. The x-rays from the source (A) are allowed to impinge on the sample mounted on a reflector plate (B). Most of the incident radiation bounces off the sample (C), but some results in the production of XRF (D), which is measured by the detector (E).

Metal reflector plate based pigments. Metal reflector based systems, developed by DuPont, Flex Products and BASF," consist of a metal disc, usually aluminium, coated with a dielectric layer, such as SiOj or MgF, followed by an ultra-thin transparent layer or an absorbing layer, e.g. FejOj. Some of the possible combinations are shown in Figure 5.20. 

As indicated by Fig. 2, there are several testing modes (1) pulse-echo mode, (2) through-transmission mode, (3) reflector-plate mode, and (4) angle-beam mode. 

Fig. 2. Ultrasonic NDT methods (a) pulse-echo (b) through-transmission (c) reflector-plate (double-through transmission) and (d) angle-beam...

A simple interferometer is illustrated in figure 6. The same basic components can be used for a c.w. experiment as for a pulsed experiment, i.e., a signal generator, a transducer, a measurement cell and an oscilloscope. Nevertheless, there function and arrangement are slightly different. The sample is contained in the measurement cell, between an ultrasonic transducer and a reflector plate which moves vertically through the sample. 

The signal generator applies a continuous sine wave of suitable frequency and amplitude to the transducer. The transducer generates an ultrasonic sine wave which propagates into the sample and is reflected back and forth between the reflector plate and transducer. Standing waves are set up in the sample, and the amplitude of the signal received by the transducer... 

Comaish (1968) has applied the technique of multiple internal reflection (MIR) to intact human skin in vivo. Using a germanium reflector plate he obtained spectra (in a Wilks Skin Analyzer ) of normal skin (Fig. 18.7) and various dermatoses (e.g., Fig. 18.8) and found gross changes from the normal in the lesions of psoriasis, eczema, and other disorders. He has also demonstrated abnormalities in the clinically normal skin of psoriatic patients. The technique measures surface changes, so that only the outer layers of stratum corneum, sweat, sebum, and extraneous materials will affect the results obtained. Lactic acid, lactate, and ammonia from sweat probably contribute substantially to the bands at 2935, 1465, 1125, and 1045 cm . After the skin was washed and dried these bands were diminished or disappeared entirely. Any contributions the stratum corneum makes to the infrared spectrum are at 2870, 1650, and 1550 cm . ... 

Horowitz (1971) has discussed in detail the reagents used for detecting minute amounts of carbohydrate on paper. He has discussed separations by electrophoresis and chromatography as well as elution and quantitative collection of these substances. Wilks and Hirschfeld (1967) have discussed the practice of eluting sample spots from paper electrophoretic and paper chromatographic patterns and allowing the eluted material to fall onto the internal-reflector plate of an attenuated-total-reflection (infrared) unit (see Chap. 3). Rubner and Albers (1967) have measured the infrared absorptions of electrophoresed carbohydrates on transparent acetate film strips versus transparent strips as blanks. These workers have detected separated substances without the necessity of staining the strips. 

Figure 5 Total reflection XRF instrumentation showing the arrangement of X-ray tube, reflectors, and ED detector. The sample is normally prepared by evaporating a sample solution onto the appropriate quartz reflector plate.

Figure U.l Ultrasonic inspection techniques, (a) Contact pulse echo with a search unit combining a transmitter and receivers, (b) Contact through transmission. Transmitting search unit on top and receiving search unit on the bottom, (c) Immersion pulse echo with search unit (transmitter and receiver) and part inspected under water, (d) Immersion through transmission with both search units (transmitter and receiver) and part under water, (e) Immersion reflector plate. Same as (c) but each unit requires a reflector plate below the part being inspected. (Ref Hagemaier, D.J., End Product Nondestructive Evaluation of Adhesive Bonded Metal Joints , Adhesives and Sealants, vol. 3, Engineered Materials Handbook, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990)...

FIGURE 22. (a) Use of shear waves and reflector plate for defect location, (b) Typical results obtained using this technique. 

The radiation flow across a set of the heat reflector plates is computed by equation... 

SPS/nylon blends are specifically required in the claims of patents for an intake manifold [50], an oil pan [51], a water conductor assembly [52], a car body trimming part [53], a substrate for an adhesive [54,55], a reflector plate [56], an automotive body panel [57], and an assay device [58]. Table 16.8 lists the patents for which SPS/nylon blends are described as a candidate material in the claims for the application being patented. 

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