Refinery Conclusions

At the conclusion of the paving work at Corpus Christi, two electrolytic cells were cast of sulfur concrete for use in the zinc refinery. Subsequent to the work at Corpus Christi, a sulfur concrete floor was applied in the nickel plant at the Asarco Amarillo copper refinery. An isolating barrier of bitu-mastic material was mopped on the concrete before the sulfur concrete pour. This floor, a substantially smaller area, was overlaid on a damaged existing floor. Similar techniques to those described were used in mixing and placement. 

Probably the strongest conclusion produced by these information gathering activities was that people were generally ambivalent about the refinery, voicing neither major criticisms nor major support. In general, those contacted believed that the refinery complied with environmental laws and that this compliance probably protected the community. Most people felt that there were more pressing problems in the Yorktown area than the refinery. For example, land development, traffic, and sewer and water problems were cited as major quality-of-life concerns. When specifically asked about air pollution, water pollution, and disposal of solid waste, residents indicated that they did have a concern with respect to the oil refinery. These concerns, however, were not strongly felt and not specific. 

Mortality from malignant melanoma was statistically significantly increased in one study of capacitor workers (Sinks et al. 1992). The excess mortality affected both men and women (SMR=350, p<0.01). Because the number of deaths was relatively small and a dose-response relationship or increase with latency could not be established, the results of this study are not conclusive. Two other studies support the skin cancer finding of Sinks et al. (1992). Balm et al. (1976,1977) observed two cases of malignant melanoma in 31 refinery workers believed to have been heavily exposed to PCBs (Balm et al. 1976,... 

In petroleum refineries, process streams containing hydrogen also frequently contain hydrogen sulfide. This causes sulfidic corrosion. You know from experience that increasing the chromium content of a steel increases its resistance to corrosion by high-sulfur crudes. However, do not jump to the conclusion that chromium alloying always improves resistance to sulfidic corrosion. It does so if the operation is dirty, as it usually is in crude streams, or if the corrodents are elemental sulfur or sulfur compounds that do not decompose to release hydrogen sulfide. This increased resistance to sulfur corrosion depends on formation of a protective scale. With such scales, the corrosion rate is parabolic — it decreases with exposure time. 

Crude oil is known to contain volatile mercury because mercury is found concentrated in the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and naphtha fractions of the atmospheric distillation when oil is refined. It is known conclusively that elemental mercury is at least one of the volatile mercury species in crude oil because it sometimes is found condensed in trays in refinery distillation towers and condensed in cryogenic heat exchangers that liquefy petroleum gases. What is not known is whether elemental mercury is the only volatile species. 

In conclusion, we expect hydrocracking to play an important role in the refinery of the future. 

The main conclusion that can be reached from the examination of ten cohorts is that it appears that more than one form of nickel gives rise to lung and nasal cancer. Although much of the respiratory cancer risk seen among the nickel refinery workers could be attributed to exposure to a mixture of oxide and sulfide nickel at very high concentrations, exposure to large concentrations of oxidic nickel in the absence of sulfidic nickel was also associated with increased lung and nasal cancer risks. There was also evidence that soluble nickel exposure increased the risk of these cancers and that it may enhance risks associated with exposure to less soluble forms of nickel. 

Decisions are no belter than the quality of the data analyzed. Often, the troubleshooter is faced with data that are so obviously contradictory that he despairs of reaching any conclusions. Resolving refinery process problems is hard enough without having to worry if the facts one is working with are really correct. 

The Penn State group has not answered point three in any of their reports. However, this point was discussed at the 1976 API Sub-committee meeting in Washington, and it was felt that petroleum fractions probably would not cause any particular problems with regard to the solubility parameter correlation needed in the presence of inorganic gases. Nevertheless, it is believed that each company must draw their own conclusion in this area. Testing a few typical refinery type mixtures would suffice. 

This paper aims to investigate the influence of the size and shape of the fragments on the impact probability to achieve this aim the data of the incident occurred in the refinery of Feyzin (France) in 1966 have been used. The paper presents the methodology in the section 2 in section 3 the incident of Feyzin and the setting up of the parameters for the analysis are described in section 4 the results of the application of the methodology are shown finally some conclusions are given. 

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