Reference wetlands

Reference wetlands. Wetlands where ecological characteristics closely represent pristine or minimally impaired conditions. 

New Jersey Hackensack River wetlands vs. reference site August-November 1991 ... 

Montana mining waste-contaminated wetland vs. reference site 1990-92 Sediments 45.3 DW vs. 5.8 DW 47, 48... 

Gorham, E., J. K. Underwood, J. A. Janssens, B. Freedman, W. Maass, D. H. Waller, and J. G. Ogden. 1998. The chemistry of streams in southwestern and central Nova Scotia, with particular reference to catchment vegetation and the influence of dissolved organic carbon primarily from wetlands. Wetlands 18 115-132. 

Morris,. T. (1991). Effects of nitrogen loading on wetland ecosystems with particular reference to atmospheric deposition. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22, 257-279. 

Ecological Receptor Survey Distance to sensitive habitats or wetlands. Presence of endangered or threatened species. Conduct site inspection. Review published references. 

Dissolved organic matter concentration and isolation of filterable organic phosphorus from surface waters at four sites in the ENR were carried out and the resulting concentrates analysed by ultrahigh-resolution FT-ICR with electrospray ionization. These sites represent a gradation in water residence time within the wetland and include the inflow, the conveyance linking Cells 1 and 3, the output from Cell 4, and the integrated ENR outflow (see Fig. 3.9 for reference). Detailed mass analysis of each peak in these spectra allowed several... 

Many biogeochemical reactions in the natural systems involve oxidation-reduction. The biogeochemi-cal cycles of C, N, O, S, P, and trace metals are regulated by oxidation-reduction reaction. Thus, we have dedicated Chapter 4 primarily to discuss oxidation-reduction reactions in wetlands. In this chapter we will primarily introduce the terminology. For details, the reader should refer to Chapter 4. 

The Committee on Wetlands Characterization, Water Science and Technology Board, National Academy of Sciences, developed a reference definition for wetland that stands outside the interests of any private or public agency (Lewis, 1995). A wetland is an ecosystem that depends on constant or recurrent, shallow inundation or saturation at or near the surface of the substrate. The minimum essential characteristics of a wetland are recurrent, sustained inundation or saturation at or near the surface and the presence of physical, chemical, and biological features reflective of recurrent, sustained inundation or saturation. Common diagnostic features of wetlands are hydric soils and hydrophytic vegetation. These features will be present except where specific physicochemical, biotic, or anthropogenic factors have removed them or prevented their development. ... 

Although this definition primarily focuses on uplands, in a broader sense, it does include soils that undergo periodic or continuous flooding. Depending on scientific disciplines and ecosystems, soils saturated with water are often called flooded soils, wetland soils, waterlogged soils, and marsh soils. Soil scientists have used terms such as flooded soils, waterlogged soils, and paddy soils. Ecologists refer to these systems as wetland soils. Now, wetland soils have been defined as hydric soils. 

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